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Y11 Biology Individual > Human Reproduction > Flashcards

Human Reproduction Flashcards

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1
Q

Penis

A

External male reproductive organ used in sexual intercourse.

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2
Q

Urethra

A

Tube which carries semen (and urine) out of the body.

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3
Q

Testes

A

Organ where sperm is produced.

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4
Q

Epididymis

A

Stores sperm

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5
Q

Vas deferens / sperm duct

A

Tube which carries sperm from the testis/epididymis.

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6
Q

Prostate gland

A

Gland which produces fluid which is mixed with sperm and seminal fluid to produce semen.

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7
Q

Seminal vesicles

A

Produces seminal fluid, also mixed with sperm and prostate fluid to produce semen.

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8
Q

Vagina

A

Female external reproductive organ used in sexual intercourse; the birth canal

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9
Q

Cervix

A

Narrow opening between the vagina and uterus

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10
Q

Uterus

A

Chamber where the fetus develops

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11
Q

Endometrium

A

Inner lining of uterus

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12
Q

Fallopian tube / oviduct

A

Tube which carries the ova from the ovary towards the uterus

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13
Q

Ovary

A

Organ where ova are developed and stored; produces hormones

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14
Q

Copulation

A

This is more commonly known as sexual intercourse

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15
Q

Fertilisation

A

The fusion of a sperm and egg to form a zygote.

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16
Q

Gametes

A

Sex cells (i.e. ovum or sperm)

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17
Q

Implantation

A

The embryo attaches to the uterine wall, where it receives nutrients and oxygen from the mother’s bloodstream

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18
Q

Placenta

A

A structure that allows an embryo/fetus to exchange nutrients and waste with the mother

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19
Q

Umbilical cord

A

The structure that attaches the fetus to the placenta

20
Q

Amniotic sac / fluid

A

protects the fetus in the uterus

21
Q

C-section

A

An incision is made through the abdomen and uterus to deliver the baby

22
Q

Menstrual cycle

A

regular sequence of events in which an egg develops and is released from the body

23
Q

Condom

A

contraceptive device consisting of a thin rubber/latex/animal sheath worn over the penis during intercourse

24
Q

Intrauterine device (IUD)

A

small, T-shaped device inserted by a physician inside the uterus to prevent pregnancy (can be hormonal or made of copper)

25
Q

Spermicide

A

chemical that kills sperm that is applied inside the vagina before intercourse (can be a foam, gel, suppository, cream)

26
Q

Vasectomy

A

male sterilisation where the vas deferens is cut to prevent the release of sperm into semen

27
Q

Tubal ligation

A

female sterilisation that blocks the fallopian tubes to prevent fertilization from occurring

28
Q

Birth control pill

A

A hormonal pill taken orally to prevent pregnancy by stopping ovulation, thinning the endometrium or thickening the cervical mucus

29
Q

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

A

Stimulates the growth of development of follicles in the ovaries, which contain immature eggs

FSH is released by pituitary gland in the brain at the beginning of the menstrual cycle

30
Q

Leutinizing hormone (LH)

A

Surge in LH causes the mature follicle to rupture and release the egg from the ovary

This process is known as ovulation (Typically occurs around day 14 of menstrual cycle)

31
Q

Estrogen

A

thickens the lining of the uterus (endometrium) and triggers a surge in LH from the pituitary gland

32
Q

Progesterone

A

Prepares the uterus for pregnancy by further thickening the endometrium and making it more receptive to a fertilised egg

33
Q

List the advantages of oral contraceptives

A
  1. Lessens the pain of muscle cramps
  2. Keeps acne under control
  3. Protects against certain cancers
  4. Does not interrupt sex
34
Q

List the disadvantages of oral contraceptives.

A
  1. increased risk of blood clots
  2. Sore breasts, nausea, headaches
35
Q

List the advantages of condoms

A
  1. They are the most effective protection available against STIs
  2. They are less expensive than hormonal methods of birth control
  3. They are widely available without a prescription
36
Q

List the disadvantages of condoms

A
  1. May break or leak
  2. May interrupt sex
  3. Failure rates are higher than most methods of other contraceptives
37
Q

List the advantages of male and female sterilisation

A
  1. 99% effective at preventing pregnancy
  2. No longer have to use birth control again
  3. Doesn’t change your hormones
38
Q

List the disadvantages of male and female sterilisation.

A
  1. Does not protect against STIs
  2. Cannot be easily reversed
  3. Can cause health issues
39
Q

List the advantages of the coil/IUD

A
  1. Protects against pregnancy for 5-10 years
  2. There are no hormonal side effects
40
Q

List the disadvantages of the coil/IUD

A
  1. Bleeding between periods
  2. Cramps
  3. Severe menstrual pain and heavy bleeding
41
Q

List the advantages of spermicide

A
  1. It does not require a prescription
  2. It does not contain hormones
42
Q

List the disadvantages of spermicide

A
  1. It has to be reapplied every time you have sex
  2. Does not protect against STIs
  3. May cause irritation and pain
43
Q

Describe the process of embryo development

A

The developing zygote undergoes a series of cell divisions and transforms into an embryo.

The embryo implants itself in the lining of the uterus and starts to form various organs and tissues

During this stage, the embryo is most vulnerable to teratogens or environmental factors that can cause birth deficits

44
Q

Describe the process of fetal development

A

the embryo is considered a fetus after 8 weeks oof development

During fetal development, the organs and tissues continue to grow and develop.

The fetus becomes more active, and by the end of fetal development, the fetus is fully formed and ready for birth.

45
Q

Describe the process of vaginal birth

A

The fetus passes through the birth canal, assisted by the contractions of the uterus and the mother’s pushing

The doctor or midwife will function the mouth and nose as the body’s head emerges.

Once the baby is born, the umbilical cord is clamped and cut

Y11 Biology Individual (5 decks)

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