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human reproduction and human health > human reproduction > Flashcards

human reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

fertilization in humans occur in which part of uterus

A

ampulla

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2
Q

implantation of _ occurs in humans

A

blastocyst

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3
Q

oogenesis starts at what stage of a female life

A

embryonic stages

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4
Q

formation of ovum ceases in women around the age of

A

around 50 years of age

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5
Q

FSH AND LH hormones come from _ lobe of _ gland

A

anterior
pituitary

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6
Q

primary sex organs include _
what’s their function

A

testes
production of sperms

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6
Q

primary sex organs include _
what’s their function

A

testes
production of sperms

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7
Q

secondary sex organs include

A

duct system
accessory glands
external genitalia

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8
Q

secondary sex organs have no action in gamete formation and no kind of hormone is needed for its proper functioning, true or false ?

A

true

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9
Q

_ joins the duct of seminal vesicles

A

vas deferans

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10
Q

highly coiled part of the duct system of a male reproductive system is

A

epididymis

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11
Q

how many testicular lobules are present inside a testis

A

250

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12
Q

each testicular lobule can be divided into three parts and these parts are called

A

seminiferous tubules

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13
Q

functions of sertoli cells

A

nourishment to sperm cells
produce ABP (androgen binding protein)
produce inhibin (inhibits FSH)
makes blood testis barrier

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14
Q

the most critical event of reproduction is
a) gametogenesis
b) fertilization
c) parturition
d) implantation

A

fertilization

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15
Q

male reproductive system is located in the _

A

pelvis region

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16
Q

length and width of testis

A

4-5 cm
2-3 cm

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17
Q

each testicular lobule contains _ _ _ in which _ are produced

A

1 to 3
highly coiled
semineferous tubules
sperms

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18
Q

seminiferous tubule is lined by _ & _

A

male germ cells / spermatogonia
sertoli cells

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19
Q

_ undergo meiotic division to finally produce sperms & _ provide nourishment to the young sperm cells

A

spermatogonia
sertoli cells

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20
Q

the region OUTSIDE seminiferous tubules is called _ and it contains _ & / & _

A

interstitial spaces
small blood vessels
interstitial cells/ leydig cells
immunological competent cells

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21
Q

androgens is secreted by

A

leydig cells

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22
Q

androgens are SYNTHESISED IN

A

leydig cells

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23
Q

the seminiferous tubules of the testis open into the _ through _

A

vas efferentia
rete testis

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24
Q

the vas efferentia leave the _ and open into _ located along the _ region of each testis

A

testis
epididymis
posterior

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25
Q

_ ascends to to the abdomen and loops over the urinary bladder

A

vas deferans

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26
Q

urethra originates from the _

A

urinary bladder

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27
Q

enlarged end of penis is called _ & its covered with a loose fold of skin called _

A

glans penis
foreskin

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28
Q

accessory glands include _ _
_ _
_ _

A

paired seminal vesicles
paired bulbourethral gland
single prostate gland

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29
Q

seminal plasma is rich in

A

fructose, calcium and certain enzymes

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30
Q

secretion of which male rep gland help in lubrication

A

bulbourethral gland

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31
Q

primary female sex organ?
what’s its function

A

ovaries
produces ovum
and ovarian hormones (steroidal hormones)

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32
Q

each ovary is _ in length and is connected to the pelvic wall by _

A

2-4 cm
ligaments

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33
Q

each ovary is covered by a _ which encloses _ which is divided into two parts _ &
_

A

thin epithelium
ovarian stroma
peripheral cortex
inner medulla

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34
Q

female accessory ducts

A

fallopian tubes
uterus
vagina

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35
Q

length of fallopian tube

A

10-12 cm

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36
Q

part closer to the ovary

A

infundibulum

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37
Q

frimbriae??

A

edges of infundibulum possess finger like projection called frimbriae which help
in collection of ovum

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38
Q

site of fertilization

A

wider part of oviduct called ampulla

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39
Q

part of oviduct that joins the uterus

A

isthmus

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40
Q

uterus is supported by?

A

ligaments attached to the pelvic wall

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41
Q

birth canal ?

A

cervical canal + vagina

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42
Q

perimetrium layer of the uterus

A

external
thin
membranous

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43
Q

myometrium layer of the uterus

A

middle
thick layer
muscular (smooth muscles)

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44
Q

endometrium layer of uterus

A

inner
glandular

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45
Q

female external genitalia

A

mons pubis
labia majora
labia minora
hymen
clitoris

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46
Q

mons pubis

A

cushion of fatty tissues covered with skin and pubic hair

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47
Q

fleshy folds of tissue, which extends down from mons pubis & surround the
vaginal orifice

A

labia majora

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48
Q

labia minora

A

paired folds of tissue under labia majora

49
Q

the opening of vagina is often covered _ by a _ called _

A

partially
membrane
hymen

50
Q

clitoris lies at the

A

upper junction of the 2 labia minora above the urethral opening

51
Q

inhibin is secreted by _ in males and inhibits _
inhibin is secreted by _ in females and inhibits _

A
  1. sertoli cells in testis & FSH
  2. granulosa cells in ovary & FSH
52
Q

bulbourethreal gland is aka

A

cowper’s gland

53
Q

the _ male germ cells produce sperms by _ that begins at _

A

immature
spermatogenesis
puberty

54
Q

spermiogenesis

A

conversion of spermatids into spermatozoa (sperms)

55
Q

what happens after spermiogenesis

A

sperm cells become embedded into sertoli cells and are finally released from
seminiferous tubules by the process of spermiation

56
Q

if 100 sperms are formed, how many spermatogonia were needed

A

25

57
Q

spermatogenesis occurs due to the significant increase of _ which is a
_ type hormone

A

GnRH - gonadotropin releasing hormone
hypothalamic hormone

58
Q

GnRH acts at the _ and stimulates the secretions of _

A

anterior pituitary
FSH & LH

59
Q

LH site of action and function

A

acts at the leydig cells and stimulate synthesis AND secretion of androgens.
andrigens in turn stimulate spermatogenesis.

60
Q

FSH site of action and function

A

acts on sertoli cells and stimulate the secretion of some factors that help
in the process of spermiogenesis

61
Q

the middle piece of a sperm contains _ spirally arranged mitochondria called _

A

20-25
neiberkuhn

62
Q

average volume of semen in one ejaculation

A

2-3 mL

63
Q

amount of sperm in one ejaculation

A

200-300 million sperm

64
Q

_ % of sperms should have vigorous motility and _ % should have normal shape and size for normal fertility

A

40
60

65
Q

the sperm head contains an _ _ nucleus

A

elongated
haploid

66
Q

secretions of _ _ _ & _ are necessary for MATURATION and MOTILITY of sperms

A

epididymis
vas deferans
seminal vesicles
prostate gland

67
Q

proliferatitve phase lasts how many days

A

5th day to 14th day

68
Q

at the 14th day of menstrual cycle, which phase starts.
how long does it last

A

ovulatory phase
1 day
shortest phase

69
Q

luteal phase starts from what day and how long does it last

A

at the ends of 14th day
14th to 28th day

regardless of the duration of the menstrual cycle in different women, the length of the luteal phase is always constant and i.e 14 days

70
Q

the pituatiary hormone FSH AND LH target which organ of a human female

A

the ovary

71
Q

ovarian hormone progestrone and estrogen target which part of a human female

A

uterus

72
Q

ovarian hormone in human females

A

progestrone
estrogen

73
Q

_ gives positive feedback to LH & FSH during menstrual cycle

A

estrogen

74
Q

characteristic of all female mammals

A

functioning mammary gland

75
Q

mammary glands contain _ tissues and _ amount of fat

A

glandular
variable

76
Q

glandular tissue of each breast is divided into _ which contain _

A

15-20 mammary lobes
clusters of cells called alveoli

77
Q

mammary lobes contain _

A

clusters of cells called alveoli

78
Q

_ secrete milk and it’s stored in the _

A

cells of alveoli
cavities/lumen of alveoli

79
Q

each alveoli opens into _

A

mammary tubules

80
Q

tubules of each mammary lobe joins to form _ and several of it joins to form _
which is connected to _

A

mammary duct
wider mammary ampulla
lactiferous duct

81
Q

function of lactiferous duct

A

milk is sucked out through this duct

82
Q

the _ portion of a sperm head is covered by acrosome

A

anterior

83
Q

the acrosome is filled w enzyme that helps in _

A

fertilization of the ovum

84
Q

mitochondria are present in the _ of a sperm

A

middle piece

85
Q

_ no. of oogonia are formed in EACH fetal ovary

A

about 2 millions (couple of millions)

86
Q

temporarily arrested stage of oogonia

A

prophase 1
primary oocyte

87
Q

at puberty _ primary follicles are left within EACH ovary

A

60k - 80k

88
Q

at puberty _ primary follicles are left within EACH ovary

A

60k - 80k

89
Q

primary follicle -
secondary follicle -

A

primary oocyte surrounded w a layer of granulosa cells
primary follicle surrounded w more granulosa layers and a new theca layer

90
Q

tertiary follicle

A

secondary follicles transforms into tertiary follicle which is characterised w fluid filled antrum
theca layer is divided into outer and inner theca

91
Q

stage at which primary oocyte grows in size and completes first meiotic division

A

tertiary follicle

92
Q

secondary oocyte retains what from the primary oocyte

A

bulk of the nutrient rich cytoplasm

93
Q

mature follicle is the _

A

graffian follicle
[NOT TERTIARY]

94
Q

ovulation

A

release of secondary oocyte from the mature graafian follicle

95
Q

zona pellucida is a layer around the _

A

secondary oocyte

96
Q

zona pellucida is formed around the secondary oocyte b4 ovulation or after ovulatoion

A

B4

97
Q

effects of the secretions pf gonadotropins (FSH & LH) in the menstrual cycle

A

stimulate follicular development
stimulate secretion pf estrogen by growing follicles

98
Q

degeneration of _ leads to degeneration of endometrium

A

corpus luteum

99
Q

_ induces completion of 2nd meiosis of secondary oocyte

A

entry of sperm through the zona pellucida and the plasma membrane

100
Q

haploid ovum formed after _ is aka _

A

2nd meiosis division
ootid

101
Q

ootid

A

haploid ovum

102
Q

embryo with 8-16 blastomeres

A

morula

103
Q

mitotic division of the zygote starts when

A

as it moves through the ISTHMUS

104
Q

cleavage ; _ ; _ ; _ implantation

A

blastomeres (8-16 daughter cells)
morula
blsatocyst

105
Q

after implantation, finger like projections appearing on the _ are called _

A

trophoblast
chorionic villi

106
Q

the _ and _ become interdigitated to form _ which is the structural and functional unit b/w maternal nd foteus body

A

chorionic villi
uterine tissue
placenta

107
Q

placental hormones

A

human chorionic gonadotrophin
human placental lactogen
estrogen
progestogens

108
Q

the ovarian hormone which is released only during pregnancy

A

relaxin

109
Q

hormones that are produced ONLY during pregnancy

A

hCG
hPL
relaxin

110
Q

hormones that are increases several folds in a woman during pregnancy

A

estrogen
progestogens
cortisol
prolactin
thyroxine

111
Q

relaxin is secreted in the _ phase of pregnancy by the _

A

later
ovary

112
Q

embryo heart is formed after _ months of pregnancy

A

1

113
Q

the fetus develops limbs by the end of _ month

A

second

114
Q

first trimester

A

most of the major organ systems are formed
limbs and external genitalia are developed

115
Q

first movements of fetus and appearance of hair on head is observed during the _ month

A

fifth

116
Q

second trimester

A

body is covered w fine hair
eye lids seperate
eyelashes are formed

117
Q

parturation is induced by a complex _ mechaanism

A

neuroendocrine

118
Q

the signals of parturition originate from _
which induces mild uterine contraction called _
which triggers release of _ from _ and it acts on _ to cause _ which in turn
results into further release 0f _

A

fully developed fetus and placents
fetal ejection reflex
oxytocin
maternal pituitary
uterine muscle
even stronger contaction
oxytocin

119
Q

colostrum contains which type of antibodies

A

IgA

120
Q

site of capacitation

A

female reproductive tract - cervix

human reproduction and human health (2 decks)

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