human reproduction Flashcards
1
Q
fertilization in humans occur in which part of uterus
A
ampulla
2
Q
implantation of _ occurs in humans
A
blastocyst
3
Q
oogenesis starts at what stage of a female life
A
embryonic stages
4
Q
formation of ovum ceases in women around the age of
A
around 50 years of age
5
Q
FSH AND LH hormones come from _ lobe of _ gland
A
anterior
pituitary
6
Q
primary sex organs include _
what’s their function
A
testes
production of sperms
6
Q
primary sex organs include _
what’s their function
A
testes
production of sperms
7
Q
secondary sex organs include
A
duct system
accessory glands
external genitalia
8
Q
secondary sex organs have no action in gamete formation and no kind of hormone is needed for its proper functioning, true or false ?
A
true
9
Q
_ joins the duct of seminal vesicles
A
vas deferans
10
Q
highly coiled part of the duct system of a male reproductive system is
A
epididymis
11
Q
how many testicular lobules are present inside a testis
A
250
12
Q
each testicular lobule can be divided into three parts and these parts are called
A
seminiferous tubules
13
Q
functions of sertoli cells
A
nourishment to sperm cells
produce ABP (androgen binding protein)
produce inhibin (inhibits FSH)
makes blood testis barrier
14
Q
the most critical event of reproduction is
a) gametogenesis
b) fertilization
c) parturition
d) implantation
A
fertilization
15
Q
male reproductive system is located in the _
A
pelvis region
16
Q
length and width of testis
A
4-5 cm
2-3 cm
17
Q
each testicular lobule contains _ _ _ in which _ are produced
A
1 to 3
highly coiled
semineferous tubules
sperms
18
Q
seminiferous tubule is lined by _ & _
A
male germ cells / spermatogonia
sertoli cells
19
Q
_ undergo meiotic division to finally produce sperms & _ provide nourishment to the young sperm cells
A
spermatogonia
sertoli cells
20
Q
the region OUTSIDE seminiferous tubules is called _ and it contains _ & / & _
A
interstitial spaces
small blood vessels
interstitial cells/ leydig cells
immunological competent cells
21
Q
androgens is secreted by
A
leydig cells
22
Q
androgens are SYNTHESISED IN
A
leydig cells
23
Q
the seminiferous tubules of the testis open into the _ through _
A
vas efferentia
rete testis
24
the vas efferentia leave the _ and open into _ located along the _ region of each testis
testis
epididymis
posterior
25
_ ascends to to the abdomen and loops over the urinary bladder
vas deferans
26
urethra originates from the _
urinary bladder
27
enlarged end of penis is called _ & its covered with a loose fold of skin called _
glans penis
foreskin
28
accessory glands include _ _
_ _
_ _
paired seminal vesicles
paired bulbourethral gland
single prostate gland
29
seminal plasma is rich in
fructose, calcium and certain enzymes
30
secretion of which male rep gland help in lubrication
bulbourethral gland
31
primary female sex organ?
what's its function
ovaries
produces ovum
and ovarian hormones (steroidal hormones)
32
each ovary is _ in length and is connected to the pelvic wall by _
2-4 cm
ligaments
33
each ovary is covered by a _ which encloses _ which is divided into two parts _ &
_
thin epithelium
ovarian stroma
peripheral cortex
inner medulla
34
female accessory ducts
fallopian tubes
uterus
vagina
35
length of fallopian tube
10-12 cm
36
part closer to the ovary
infundibulum
37
frimbriae??
edges of infundibulum possess finger like projection called frimbriae which help
in collection of ovum
38
site of fertilization
wider part of oviduct called ampulla
39
part of oviduct that joins the uterus
isthmus
40
uterus is supported by?
ligaments attached to the pelvic wall
41
birth canal ?
cervical canal + vagina
42
perimetrium layer of the uterus
external
thin
membranous
43
myometrium layer of the uterus
middle
thick layer
muscular (smooth muscles)
44
endometrium layer of uterus
inner
glandular
45
female external genitalia
mons pubis
labia majora
labia minora
hymen
clitoris
46
mons pubis
cushion of fatty tissues covered with skin and pubic hair
47
fleshy folds of tissue, which extends down from mons pubis & surround the
vaginal orifice
labia majora
48
labia minora
paired folds of tissue under labia majora
49
the opening of vagina is often covered _ by a _ called _
partially
membrane
hymen
50
clitoris lies at the
upper junction of the 2 labia minora above the urethral opening
51
inhibin is secreted by _ in males and inhibits _
inhibin is secreted by _ in females and inhibits _
1. sertoli cells in testis & FSH
2. granulosa cells in ovary & FSH
52
bulbourethreal gland is aka
cowper's gland
53
the _ male germ cells produce sperms by _ that begins at _
immature
spermatogenesis
puberty
54
spermiogenesis
conversion of spermatids into spermatozoa (sperms)
55
what happens after spermiogenesis
sperm cells become embedded into sertoli cells and are finally released from
seminiferous tubules by the process of spermiation
56
if 100 sperms are formed, how many spermatogonia were needed
25
57
spermatogenesis occurs due to the significant increase of _ which is a
_ type hormone
GnRH - gonadotropin releasing hormone
hypothalamic hormone
58
GnRH acts at the _ and stimulates the secretions of _
anterior pituitary
FSH & LH
59
LH site of action and function
acts at the leydig cells and stimulate synthesis AND secretion of androgens.
andrigens in turn stimulate spermatogenesis.
60
FSH site of action and function
acts on sertoli cells and stimulate the secretion of some factors that help
in the process of spermiogenesis
61
the middle piece of a sperm contains _ spirally arranged mitochondria called _
20-25
neiberkuhn
62
average volume of semen in one ejaculation
2-3 mL
63
amount of sperm in one ejaculation
200-300 million sperm
64
_ % of sperms should have vigorous motility and _ % should have normal shape and size for normal fertility
40
60
65
the sperm head contains an _ _ nucleus
elongated
haploid
66
secretions of _ _ _ & _ are necessary for MATURATION and MOTILITY of sperms
epididymis
vas deferans
seminal vesicles
prostate gland
67
proliferatitve phase lasts how many days
5th day to 14th day
68
at the 14th day of menstrual cycle, which phase starts.
how long does it last
ovulatory phase
1 day
shortest phase
69
luteal phase starts from what day and how long does it last
at the ends of 14th day
14th to 28th day
regardless of the duration of the menstrual cycle in different women, the length of the luteal phase is always constant and i.e 14 days
70
the pituatiary hormone FSH AND LH target which organ of a human female
the ovary
71
ovarian hormone progestrone and estrogen target which part of a human female
uterus
72
ovarian hormone in human females
progestrone
estrogen
73
_ gives positive feedback to LH & FSH during menstrual cycle
estrogen
74
characteristic of all female mammals
functioning mammary gland
75
mammary glands contain _ tissues and _ amount of fat
glandular
variable
76
glandular tissue of each breast is divided into _ which contain _
15-20 mammary lobes
clusters of cells called alveoli
77
mammary lobes contain _
clusters of cells called alveoli
78
_ secrete milk and it's stored in the _
cells of alveoli
cavities/lumen of alveoli
79
each alveoli opens into _
mammary tubules
80
tubules of each mammary lobe joins to form _ and several of it joins to form _
which is connected to _
mammary duct
wider mammary ampulla
lactiferous duct
81
function of lactiferous duct
milk is sucked out through this duct
82
the _ portion of a sperm head is covered by acrosome
anterior
83
the acrosome is filled w enzyme that helps in _
fertilization of the ovum
84
mitochondria are present in the _ of a sperm
middle piece
85
_ no. of oogonia are formed in EACH fetal ovary
about 2 millions (couple of millions)
86
temporarily arrested stage of oogonia
prophase 1
primary oocyte
87
at puberty _ primary follicles are left within EACH ovary
60k - 80k
88
at puberty _ primary follicles are left within EACH ovary
60k - 80k
89
primary follicle -
secondary follicle -
primary oocyte surrounded w a layer of granulosa cells
primary follicle surrounded w more granulosa layers and a new theca layer
90
tertiary follicle
secondary follicles transforms into tertiary follicle which is characterised w fluid filled antrum
theca layer is divided into outer and inner theca
91
stage at which primary oocyte grows in size and completes first meiotic division
tertiary follicle
92
secondary oocyte retains what from the primary oocyte
bulk of the nutrient rich cytoplasm
93
mature follicle is the _
graffian follicle
[NOT TERTIARY]
94
ovulation
release of secondary oocyte from the mature graafian follicle
95
zona pellucida is a layer around the _
secondary oocyte
96
zona pellucida is formed around the secondary oocyte b4 ovulation or after ovulatoion
B4
97
effects of the secretions pf gonadotropins (FSH & LH) in the menstrual cycle
stimulate follicular development
stimulate secretion pf estrogen by growing follicles
98
degeneration of _ leads to degeneration of endometrium
corpus luteum
99
_ induces completion of 2nd meiosis of secondary oocyte
entry of sperm through the zona pellucida and the plasma membrane
100
haploid ovum formed after _ is aka _
2nd meiosis division
ootid
101
ootid
haploid ovum
102
embryo with 8-16 blastomeres
morula
103
mitotic division of the zygote starts when
as it moves through the ISTHMUS
104
cleavage ; _ ; _ ; _ implantation
blastomeres (8-16 daughter cells)
morula
blsatocyst
105
after implantation, finger like projections appearing on the _ are called _
trophoblast
chorionic villi
106
the _ and _ become interdigitated to form _ which is the structural and functional unit b/w maternal nd foteus body
chorionic villi
uterine tissue
placenta
107
placental hormones
human chorionic gonadotrophin
human placental lactogen
estrogen
progestogens
108
the ovarian hormone which is released only during pregnancy
relaxin
109
hormones that are produced ONLY during pregnancy
hCG
hPL
relaxin
110
hormones that are increases several folds in a woman during pregnancy
estrogen
progestogens
cortisol
prolactin
thyroxine
111
relaxin is secreted in the _ phase of pregnancy by the _
later
ovary
112
embryo heart is formed after _ months of pregnancy
1
113
the fetus develops limbs by the end of _ month
second
114
first trimester
most of the major organ systems are formed
limbs and external genitalia are developed
115
first movements of fetus and appearance of hair on head is observed during the _ month
fifth
116
second trimester
body is covered w fine hair
eye lids seperate
eyelashes are formed
117
parturation is induced by a complex _ mechaanism
neuroendocrine
118
the signals of parturition originate from _
which induces mild uterine contraction called _
which triggers release of _ from _ and it acts on _ to cause _ which in turn
results into further release 0f _
fully developed fetus and placents
fetal ejection reflex
oxytocin
maternal pituitary
uterine muscle
even stronger contaction
oxytocin
119
colostrum contains which type of antibodies
IgA
120
site of capacitation
female reproductive tract - cervix
