human reproduction Flashcards
fertilization in humans occur in which part of uterus
ampulla
implantation of _ occurs in humans
blastocyst
oogenesis starts at what stage of a female life
embryonic stages
formation of ovum ceases in women around the age of
around 50 years of age
FSH AND LH hormones come from _ lobe of _ gland
anterior
pituitary
primary sex organs include _
what’s their function
testes
production of sperms
primary sex organs include _
what’s their function
testes
production of sperms
secondary sex organs include
duct system
accessory glands
external genitalia
secondary sex organs have no action in gamete formation and no kind of hormone is needed for its proper functioning, true or false ?
true
_ joins the duct of seminal vesicles
vas deferans
highly coiled part of the duct system of a male reproductive system is
epididymis
how many testicular lobules are present inside a testis
250
each testicular lobule can be divided into three parts and these parts are called
seminiferous tubules
functions of sertoli cells
nourishment to sperm cells
produce ABP (androgen binding protein)
produce inhibin (inhibits FSH)
makes blood testis barrier
the most critical event of reproduction is
a) gametogenesis
b) fertilization
c) parturition
d) implantation
fertilization
male reproductive system is located in the _
pelvis region
length and width of testis
4-5 cm
2-3 cm
each testicular lobule contains _ _ _ in which _ are produced
1 to 3
highly coiled
semineferous tubules
sperms
seminiferous tubule is lined by _ & _
male germ cells / spermatogonia
sertoli cells
_ undergo meiotic division to finally produce sperms & _ provide nourishment to the young sperm cells
spermatogonia
sertoli cells
the region OUTSIDE seminiferous tubules is called _ and it contains _ & / & _
interstitial spaces
small blood vessels
interstitial cells/ leydig cells
immunological competent cells
androgens is secreted by
leydig cells
androgens are SYNTHESISED IN
leydig cells
the seminiferous tubules of the testis open into the _ through _
vas efferentia
rete testis
the vas efferentia leave the _ and open into _ located along the _ region of each testis
testis
epididymis
posterior
_ ascends to to the abdomen and loops over the urinary bladder
vas deferans
urethra originates from the _
urinary bladder
enlarged end of penis is called _ & its covered with a loose fold of skin called _
glans penis
foreskin
accessory glands include _ _
_ _
_ _
paired seminal vesicles
paired bulbourethral gland
single prostate gland
seminal plasma is rich in
fructose, calcium and certain enzymes
secretion of which male rep gland help in lubrication
bulbourethral gland
primary female sex organ?
what’s its function
ovaries
produces ovum
and ovarian hormones (steroidal hormones)
each ovary is _ in length and is connected to the pelvic wall by _
2-4 cm
ligaments
each ovary is covered by a _ which encloses _ which is divided into two parts _ &
_
thin epithelium
ovarian stroma
peripheral cortex
inner medulla
female accessory ducts
fallopian tubes
uterus
vagina
length of fallopian tube
10-12 cm
part closer to the ovary
infundibulum
frimbriae??
edges of infundibulum possess finger like projection called frimbriae which help
in collection of ovum
site of fertilization
wider part of oviduct called ampulla
part of oviduct that joins the uterus
isthmus
uterus is supported by?
ligaments attached to the pelvic wall
birth canal ?
cervical canal + vagina
perimetrium layer of the uterus
external
thin
membranous
myometrium layer of the uterus
middle
thick layer
muscular (smooth muscles)
endometrium layer of uterus
inner
glandular
female external genitalia
mons pubis
labia majora
labia minora
hymen
clitoris
mons pubis
cushion of fatty tissues covered with skin and pubic hair
fleshy folds of tissue, which extends down from mons pubis & surround the
vaginal orifice
labia majora
labia minora
paired folds of tissue under labia majora
the opening of vagina is often covered _ by a _ called _
partially
membrane
hymen
clitoris lies at the
upper junction of the 2 labia minora above the urethral opening
inhibin is secreted by _ in males and inhibits _
inhibin is secreted by _ in females and inhibits _
- sertoli cells in testis & FSH
- granulosa cells in ovary & FSH
bulbourethreal gland is aka
cowper’s gland
the _ male germ cells produce sperms by _ that begins at _
immature
spermatogenesis
puberty
spermiogenesis
conversion of spermatids into spermatozoa (sperms)
what happens after spermiogenesis
sperm cells become embedded into sertoli cells and are finally released from
seminiferous tubules by the process of spermiation
if 100 sperms are formed, how many spermatogonia were needed
25
spermatogenesis occurs due to the significant increase of _ which is a
_ type hormone
GnRH - gonadotropin releasing hormone
hypothalamic hormone
GnRH acts at the _ and stimulates the secretions of _
anterior pituitary
FSH & LH
LH site of action and function
acts at the leydig cells and stimulate synthesis AND secretion of androgens.
andrigens in turn stimulate spermatogenesis.
FSH site of action and function
acts on sertoli cells and stimulate the secretion of some factors that help
in the process of spermiogenesis
the middle piece of a sperm contains _ spirally arranged mitochondria called _
20-25
neiberkuhn
average volume of semen in one ejaculation
2-3 mL
amount of sperm in one ejaculation
200-300 million sperm
_ % of sperms should have vigorous motility and _ % should have normal shape and size for normal fertility
40
60
the sperm head contains an _ _ nucleus
elongated
haploid
secretions of _ _ _ & _ are necessary for MATURATION and MOTILITY of sperms
epididymis
vas deferans
seminal vesicles
prostate gland
proliferatitve phase lasts how many days
5th day to 14th day
at the 14th day of menstrual cycle, which phase starts.
how long does it last
ovulatory phase
1 day
shortest phase
luteal phase starts from what day and how long does it last
at the ends of 14th day
14th to 28th day
regardless of the duration of the menstrual cycle in different women, the length of the luteal phase is always constant and i.e 14 days
the pituatiary hormone FSH AND LH target which organ of a human female
the ovary
ovarian hormone progestrone and estrogen target which part of a human female
uterus
ovarian hormone in human females
progestrone
estrogen
_ gives positive feedback to LH & FSH during menstrual cycle
estrogen
characteristic of all female mammals
functioning mammary gland
mammary glands contain _ tissues and _ amount of fat
glandular
variable
glandular tissue of each breast is divided into _ which contain _
15-20 mammary lobes
clusters of cells called alveoli
mammary lobes contain _
clusters of cells called alveoli
_ secrete milk and it’s stored in the _
cells of alveoli
cavities/lumen of alveoli
each alveoli opens into _
mammary tubules
tubules of each mammary lobe joins to form _ and several of it joins to form _
which is connected to _
mammary duct
wider mammary ampulla
lactiferous duct
function of lactiferous duct
milk is sucked out through this duct
the _ portion of a sperm head is covered by acrosome
anterior
the acrosome is filled w enzyme that helps in _
fertilization of the ovum
mitochondria are present in the _ of a sperm
middle piece
_ no. of oogonia are formed in EACH fetal ovary
about 2 millions (couple of millions)
temporarily arrested stage of oogonia
prophase 1
primary oocyte
at puberty _ primary follicles are left within EACH ovary
60k - 80k
at puberty _ primary follicles are left within EACH ovary
60k - 80k
primary follicle -
secondary follicle -
primary oocyte surrounded w a layer of granulosa cells
primary follicle surrounded w more granulosa layers and a new theca layer
tertiary follicle
secondary follicles transforms into tertiary follicle which is characterised w fluid filled antrum
theca layer is divided into outer and inner theca
stage at which primary oocyte grows in size and completes first meiotic division
tertiary follicle
secondary oocyte retains what from the primary oocyte
bulk of the nutrient rich cytoplasm
mature follicle is the _
graffian follicle
[NOT TERTIARY]
ovulation
release of secondary oocyte from the mature graafian follicle
zona pellucida is a layer around the _
secondary oocyte
zona pellucida is formed around the secondary oocyte b4 ovulation or after ovulatoion
B4
effects of the secretions pf gonadotropins (FSH & LH) in the menstrual cycle
stimulate follicular development
stimulate secretion pf estrogen by growing follicles
degeneration of _ leads to degeneration of endometrium
corpus luteum
_ induces completion of 2nd meiosis of secondary oocyte
entry of sperm through the zona pellucida and the plasma membrane
haploid ovum formed after _ is aka _
2nd meiosis division
ootid
ootid
haploid ovum
embryo with 8-16 blastomeres
morula
mitotic division of the zygote starts when
as it moves through the ISTHMUS
cleavage ; _ ; _ ; _ implantation
blastomeres (8-16 daughter cells)
morula
blsatocyst
after implantation, finger like projections appearing on the _ are called _
trophoblast
chorionic villi
the _ and _ become interdigitated to form _ which is the structural and functional unit b/w maternal nd foteus body
chorionic villi
uterine tissue
placenta
placental hormones
human chorionic gonadotrophin
human placental lactogen
estrogen
progestogens
the ovarian hormone which is released only during pregnancy
relaxin
hormones that are produced ONLY during pregnancy
hCG
hPL
relaxin
hormones that are increases several folds in a woman during pregnancy
estrogen
progestogens
cortisol
prolactin
thyroxine
relaxin is secreted in the _ phase of pregnancy by the _
later
ovary
embryo heart is formed after _ months of pregnancy
1
the fetus develops limbs by the end of _ month
second
first trimester
most of the major organ systems are formed
limbs and external genitalia are developed
first movements of fetus and appearance of hair on head is observed during the _ month
fifth
second trimester
body is covered w fine hair
eye lids seperate
eyelashes are formed
parturation is induced by a complex _ mechaanism
neuroendocrine
the signals of parturition originate from _
which induces mild uterine contraction called _
which triggers release of _ from _ and it acts on _ to cause _ which in turn
results into further release 0f _
fully developed fetus and placents
fetal ejection reflex
oxytocin
maternal pituitary
uterine muscle
even stronger contaction
oxytocin
colostrum contains which type of antibodies
IgA
site of capacitation
female reproductive tract - cervix
