human health & diseases Flashcards
discovery of blood circulation
by william harvey ,, disproved the good humor theory of health
tetanus is a _ disease
bacterial
rabies is a _ diseases
viral
a fatal infectious diseases
AIDS
fatal non-infectious disease
cancer
disease causing organisms are also called
pathogens
_ is the typhoid pathogen and it enters the _ through _ and migrate to other organs through _
bacteria called salmonella typhi
small intestine
contaminated food and water
blood
symptoms of typhoid
sustained high fever (39-40 degree celcius)
weakness
stomach pain
constipation
headache
loss of appetite
intestinal perforation in extreme severe cases
death in extreme severe cases
diagnostic test for typhoid
widal test
dysentery, diphtheria, plague are examples of _ diseases
bacterial
pathogens that enter the gut must know a way to survive in the _ pH conditions of the intestine
low pH conditions
what happens when typhoid gets severe
intestinal perforation leading to death
name the pathogens involved in the disease pneumonia
bacteria streptococcus pneumoniae
bacteria haemophilus influenzae
pneumonia affects the _,, as a result of which they _
alveoli,, get filled with fluid making it difficult to respire
symptoms of pneumoniae
fever
chills
cough
headache
in severe cases, the lips and nails might turn bluish
common cold is caused by a pathogenic group called
rhino viruses (it’s a group of different viruses)
in common cold _ is affected
nose and respiratory pathway but the lungs remain unaffected
symptoms of common cold
nasal congestion
nasal discharge
sore throat
hoarseness
cough
headache
tiredness
how long does common cold usually last
3-7 days
malarial pathogens
a tiny protozoan, plasmodium
species of protozoans - p.vivax
p.falciparum
p.malaria
all of them cause different kinds of malaria
which malarial protozoan is the most serious one and could be fatal too and what kind of malaria does it cause
p. falciparum causing malignant malaria
plasmodium enters the human body as _ through the bite of _
sporozoites which is an infectious form
female mosquito anopheles
what substance is responsible for the recurring high fever every 3-4 days in malaria and why is it released in the body
hemozoin
it is released when the RBCs rupture releasing a toxin called hemozoin
the first site of multiplication of sporozoites after it has entered the human body is
the liver cells
the sporozoites reproduce _ in liver cells
asexually
the sporozoites reproduce _ in RBC
asexually
the sexual stages of the malarial parasite develop in the _ and they are called _
RBC
gametocytes
female mosquito takes up _ with the human blood when it bites them
gametocytes
fertilization and development of the malarial parasitic gametocytes take place in the _
mosquito gut
the mature infective stage called the _ escapes from the _ of the mosquito and migrate to the _
sporozoites
gut
salivary glands
ameobiasis / amoebic dysentry is caused by which pathogen and what is its site of action
protozoan entamoeba histolytica
large intestine
symptoms of ameobiasis
constipation
abdominal pain
cramps
stool w excess mucus and blood clots
what transmits the ameobiasis pathogen
housefly acts as the mechanical carrier and transmits the pathogen from the feces of infected person to food and water.
this infected food and water caused amoebiasis
pathogenic helminthes
ascaris (common round worm)
wushereria (filarial worm)
site of action of ascaris
intestine
symptoms of asciarasis
internal bleeding
muscular pain
fever
anaemia
blockage of intestinal passage
how does asciaris transmit
the eggs of the parasite are released with the feces of the infected person which contaminated water, food and plants
name the mentioned species of the wushereria worm
w.brancrofti
w.malayi
wushereria causes
elephantiasis or filariasis
elephantiasis is a
slowly developing chronic inflammation of the organ in which the causative pathogen lives for years, usually its the lymphatic vessels of the lower limbs
the genital organs are also affected, resulting in gross deformities
transmission of elephantiasis
through the bite of a female mosquito vector
fungal groups responsible for ringworms
microsporum
trichophyton
epidermophyton
symptoms of ringworms
dry scaly lesions on various parts of the body such as skin, nails and scalp
fishes that feed on mosquito larva
gambusia
a large number of other infections have been controlled to a large extent with the use of vaccines like (ex of diseases)
polio
diphtheria
pneumonia
tetanus
innate immunity
inborn immunity
non-specific defence (doesnt have a memory)
examples of innate immunity
physical barrier
physiological barrier
cellular barrier
cytokine barrier
physical barrier of innate immunity
skin on the body,, mucus coating of the epithelium of respiratory, gastro intestinal and urinary tract
physiological barrier of innate immunity
hcl in stomach
saliva in mouth
tears
- all of them prevent microbial growth
cellular barrier of innate immunity
1)PMNL (neutrophils) - they are leukocytes (WBC)
2)monocytes
3)natural killer (type of lymphocyte) (present in blood)
4)macrophages (present in tissues)
-can phagocyte and destroy microbes
cytokine barrier
interferons - secreted by virus-infected cells
- are proteinaceous
- protect non-infected cells from getting infected
acquired immunity is provided by what kinds of cell
B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes
b-lymphocytes mature in
bone marrow
t-lymphocytes mature in
thymus
plasmodium falciparum causes
malignant malaria
primary response produced due to acquired immunity is of _ intensity
low
secondary response due to acquired immunity is also called
amnestic response
the primary and secondary immune response are carried with the help of two special type of _ and they are _ and _
lymphocytes
b-lymphocytes
t-lymphocytes
which type of lymphocytes produce an army of proteins in response to pathogens into our blood
b-lymphocytes
role of t-lymphocytes in response to pathogens
they themselves do not secrete antibodies but help b cells to produce them
each antibody molecule has
4 peptide chains
( 2 small- light chain
2 longer- heavy chain )
what are the two types of acquired immune responses
1) humoral immune response (primary and secondary/amnestic response)
2) cell mediated immunity response
cell mediated immunity response is mediated by
T-lymphocyte
graft rejection by the body is possible because of _
cell mediated immunity
active immunity
when a host is exposed to antigens which might be in the form of dead microbes, living microbes or a protein,, antibodies are produced in the body in response to the antigen introduction
passive immunity
when ready made antibodies are directly introduced into the body from an outside source to fight against the foreign agent
the fact that colostrum has abundant antibodies and that the fetus receives several antibodies from the placenta during pregnancy is what type of immunity
passive
colostrum has predominantly which type of antibodies
IgA
anti-tetanus and anti-venom serums are which type of immunisation techniques
passive immunisation
hepatitis vaccine is produced from _
yeast
recombinant DNA tech has allowed the production of _ in bacteria or yeast ,, ex _
antigenic polypeptide of pathogen
hep-B vaccine produced from yeast
antibodies produced in an allergy reaction is
IgE
allergy is due to the release of chemicals like
histamine and serotonin from mast cells
drugs that quickly reduce the symptoms of allergies
anti-histamine
adrenaline
steroids
auto-immunity
1) memory based acquired immunity
2) evolved in higher vertebrates
rheumatoid arthritis is
an auto-immune disease
the human immune system consists of
1)lymphoid organs
2) tissues
3)cells
4) soluble molecules called anti-bodies
origin, maturation and proliferation of lymphocytes occur in
lymphoid organs
primary lymphoid organs
bone marrow and thymus
here, immature lymphocytes differentiate to become antigen-sensitive lymphocytes
secondary lymphoid organs
after maturation in primary lymphoid organs, the lymphocytes migrate to secondary lymphocytes
ex- lymph nodes
tonsils
peyer’s patches of small intestine
appendix
the secondary lymphoid organs provide sites for
interaction of lymphocytes with the antigen which then proliferate to become effector cells
_ is the main lymphoid organ where all the blood cells including lymphocytes are produced
bone marrow
thymus is a _ (shape) organ located
lobed
near the heart and beneath the breastbone
bone marrow and thymus provide micro environments for the
development and maturation of T-lymphocytes
spleen shape
large bean shaped organ
spleen mainly contains
lymphocytes and phagocytes
which secondary lymphoid organ has a large reservoir of erythrocytes
spleen
_ help in the activation of lymphocytes present in lymph nodes
antigens trapped in them
MALT
mucosa associated lymphoid tissue
constitutes about 50% of lymphoid tissue in human body
the gametocytic sexual stage of the malarial protozoan is formed in _ of _ host
RBC of human host
the virus that causes AIDS is a member of which group of members
HIV is a member of retrovirus group pf viruses
retroviruses are characterized by
having an envelope enclosing the RNA genome
incubation period of AIDS (time lag b/w virus invasion and appearance of symptoms)
may vary from a few months to years (5-10 years)
after getting into the body of the person, the HIV virus enters into _ where what happens and with the help of which enzyme?
macrophages where RNA genome of the virus replicates to form viral DNA with the help of reverse transcriptase
HIV factory in the body
macrophages
simultaneously, while the macrophages produce more viral DNA, the HIV virus enters into the _ and does what
helper t-lymphocytes,, and then the virus replicates itself and produce more progeny viruses and these progeny virus attacks other helper t-lymphocytes leading into their progressive decrease
during the progressive decrease of helper t-lymphocytes, what happens
person suffers from bouts of fever, diarrohea and weight loss
result of massive decrease in helper t cells
person stars getting minor infections which could have been avoided otherwise
like from bacteria, especially mycobacterium
viruses
fungi
parasites like toxoplasma
AIDS diagnostic test
ELISA - enzyme linked immuno-sorbent assay
what is the success rate of treatment w anti-retoviral drugs in case of AIDS
they are only partially effective,, might prolong the life but wont prevent death
aids was first reported in
1981
NACO
national aids control organization
benign tumor
remains confined to their original place and cause little damage
malignant tumor
mass of proliferating cells called neoplastic or tumor cells
show metastasis
physical carcinogens
ionizing radiations like x-rays and gamma rays and non-ionizing radiations like UV cause DNA damage leading to neoplastic transformation
biological carcinogens
oncogenic viruses have genes called viral oncogens
genes like cellular oncogens and proto oncogens have been identified in normal cells which when activated under certain conditions could lead to oncogenic transformations
bone marrow test for increased cell counts is done for the detection of which type of cancer
leukemia
CT for cancer detection
computed tomography uses x-ray to generate 3-D image of the internals of the body
MRI for cancer detection
magnetic resonance imaging uses strong magnetic fields and non-ionizing radiation to generate accurate detect pathological and physiological changes in the body
biological response modifiers used for cancer treatment and why are they used?
alpha-interferons
cancer cells are known to avoid detection and destruction so bio immune modifiers are given which heigten the immune response that helps in destroying tumor cells
opioids which bind to
specific opioid receptors present in or CNS and GI tract
example of opiod
heroin commonly called smack
chemically heroin is
diacetylmorphine (which is a white, crystalline and bitter crystalline compound)
diacetylmorphine is obtained from
acetylation of morphine
morphine is obtained from
latex of poppy plant, papaver somnifera
what type of drug is heroin and how is it taken up
depressant
snorting or injecting
cannabinoids receptors are principally present in
brain
natural cannabinoids are obtained from
INFLORESCENCE of the plant cannabis sativa
the _, _ and _ of _ plant are used in various combination to produce _
flower tops, resins, leaves
cannabis plant
marijuana, hashish, ganja
cannabinoids are known to affect the _ system of the body and they are generally taken up by _
cardiovascular
inhalation and oral ingestion
cocaine otherwise known as _ , is obtained from _ , native to _
coca alkaloid
coca plant erythroxylum coca
south america
what does cocaine do to the body
interferes with the transport of the neuro-transmitter dopamine
it has a potent stimulating action on the CNS producing a sense of euphoria and increased energy
excessive dosage of cocaine/crack/ coke causes
hallucination
other well known plants that cause hallucination are
atropa belladona
datura
drugs that are used to treat mental illness like depression and insomnia
barbiturates
amphetamines
benzodiazepines
an effective sedative and painkiller used on surgical patients
morphine
tobacco contains the chemical
nicotine, an alkaloid
nicotine stimulates _ gland to secrete
adrenal gland
to secrete adrenaline and nor-adrenaline into the blood stream both of which raises blood pressure and heart rate
smoking is associated with increased cases of
cancers of lung, urinary bladder & throat
bronchitis
emphysema
coronary heart disease
gastric ulcer
damage to liver
cirrhosis
what substances to sportsmen generally abuse to increase muscle strength
narcotic analgesics
anabolic steroids
diuretics
some hormones
HCl secretion in stomach is what kind of innate immunity barrier
physiological barrier
