Human Relationships - terminology

Question 1

Cooperation

Answer 1

Groups or individuals working together for mutual benefit.

Question 2

Competition

Answer 2

Groups or individuals working against each other for selfish benefit.

Question 3

Free-riding

Answer 3

A possible cause for decrease in cooperation as group size increases. A free rider is in an individual who contributes little to nothing to a joint endeavour but nonetheless garners the same benefits as others who contribute their fair share. The resentment caused by them can hamper the efficiency if a froup working on a collective task.

Question 4

Deindividuation

Answer 4

A feeling of being anonymous in a large group which decreases the likelihood of people conforming to group norms. Another cause for decrease in cooperation.

Question 5

Cultural priming

Answer 5

Tests how brain activities underlying various cognitive/affective processes are modulated by recent exposure to specific cultural symbols or activation of specific cultural values/beliefs.

Question 6

Social Comparison

Answer 6

The tendency to look at how others are behaving and thus adapting our behaviour (social loafing, free-rider effect, sucker effect).

Question 7

Social Loafing

Answer 7

The reduction of individual effort that occurs when people work in groups compared to when they work alone.

Question 8

Sucker effect

Answer 8

A phenomenon in which individuals reduce their personal investment in a group endeavour because of their expectation that others will think negatively of them for working too hard or contributing rio much (considering them to be a sucker).

Question 9

Prejudice

Answer 9

A preconceived judgment, opinion or attitude directed toward certain people based on their membership in a particular group

Question 10

Discrimination

Answer 10

An act, policy, practice, or social structure that creates, maintains, or reinforces an advantage for some groups and their members over other groups and their members

Question 11

Implicit bias

Answer 11

A non-conscious automatic bias.

Question 12

Threatened self perception

Answer 12

When our ego is threatened, our self-esteem drops. It is a reason why intergroup discrimination occurs, we use it to restore our self-esteem.

Question 13

Integrated threat theory

Answer 13

Argues that prejudice has 3 components:
- Stereotyping: creates expectations about the out-group which lead to prejudice.
- Realistic threats: competition for economic resources.
- Symbolic threats: threats to one’s culture as a result of integrating people of an out-group which different social norms, morals and values than the existing group.

Question 14

Contact hypothesis

Answer 14

Argues that prejudice can be reduced if the majority has positive contact experiences with members of a minority group. Some criteria for positive contact: equal status, cooperation, common goals, social or institutional support.

Question 15

Minimal group paradigm

Answer 15

Minimal circumstances for discrimination to occur.

Question 16

Enculturation

Answer 16

The process through which we learn about the culture we live in

Question 17

Acculturation

Answer 17

The psychological and cultural adjustment that occurs within individuals, families, and cultural groups who come into contact with others from different cultural backgrounds

Question 18

Social Identity Theory

Answer 18

Accepts that conflict can exist between groups simply because those groups exist.

Question 19

Realistic group conflict theory

Answer 19

States that group membership and competition for limited resources may lead to conflict.

Question 20

Morton-Deutsch theory

Answer 20

Lists 4 specific factors as important for understanding conflict resolution:
-Cooperative orientation
-Reframing
- Norms of cooperation
- Underlying values

Question 21

Cooperative orientation

Answer 21

A win-win approach facilitates resolution, while a win-lose orientation does not.

Question 22

Reframing

Answer 22

Reframing the conflict as a mutual problem, to be solved through mutual effort.

Question 23

Norms of cooperation

Answer 23

Same norms as toward friends: respectful, responsible, honest, empowering, and caring behaviour.

Question 24

Underlying values

Answer 24

Include reciprocity, equality, community, nonviolence.

Question 25

Social cognitive theory

Answer 25

States that we learn by observing others and argues that conflict can be reduced by observational learning.

Question 26

The Sabido Method

Answer 26

A theoretical model for stimulating positive change in social attitudes and behaviours through commercial television and radio programming.

Question 27

Altruism

Answer 27

Willingness to do things that bring advantages to others, even if it results in disadvantage for yourself.

Question 28

Reciprocal altruism

Answer 28

Acting in ways which mutually benefit one another.

Question 29

Kin selection theory

Answer 29

A type of natural selection in which individuals engage in altruistic behavior towards their relatives. Can explain why we care about the survivial of our own species but not why we help those of other species,

Question 30

Bystander effect

Answer 30

Theorises that in the face of emergence, people are less likely to help if there are multiple others present.

Question 31

Diffusion of responsibility

Answer 31

Happens when people think that someone else will help when there is an emergency.

Question 32

Factors that influence bystanderism (latane and darley)

Answer 32

• Diffusion if responsibility
• Informational social influence: A form of conformity in which we figure out how to behave watching the behaviour of others.
• Evaluation apprehension: The fear of social criticism for helping in a situation where helping was unnecessary.

Question 33

Social categorization

Answer 33

Refers to categorisation of ourselves and others into groups in order to simplify a complex world.

Question 34

Self-disclosure

Answer 34

The act if revealing personal and intimate details about oneself to another person.

Question 35

Social penetration theory

Answer 35

1. the orientation stage (small talk)
2. The exploratory stage (reveal more but safe)
3. The affective stage (more personal)
4. The stable stage (high degree of trust)

Question 36

Relationship enhancing pattern

Answer 36

Happy couples tend to engage in relationship enhancing patterns. They dont blame their partner when there is a disagreement, they rather blame the situation.

Question 37

Distress-maintaining pattern

Answer 37

Couples who are unhappy tend to blame their partner more when something is going wrong. They also tend not to give them praise for positive behaviours.

Question 38

Inclusive fitness theory

Answer 38

A method of measuring evolutionary success. It is the ability of an individual to transmit genes to the next generation, including genes shared with relatives. In accordance with this rule, an individual’s inclusive fitness can depend, in part, on altruistic behavior and cooperation.

Question 39

Parental investment theory

Answer 39

The sex that is physiologically required to invest more in offspring evolves to be more choosy regarding mates, because a mating error (mating with a low-quality or noninvesting partner) is more costly to that sex.

Question 40

Androstadienone

Answer 40

A potential candidate human sex pheromone that is associated with social dominance and competition

Question 41

Estratetraenol

Answer 41

The hormone sends olfactory signals of high fertility in pregnant and ovulating women that presents and highlights attractive qualities in those women to potential mates.

Question 42

The Halo Effect

Answer 42

A cognitive bias that claims that positive impressions of people, brands, and products in one area positively influence our feelings in another area.

Question 43

Similarity Attraction Hypothesis

Answer 43

Suggests that when choosing a partner, people tend to look for similarities between them, such as cultural background, values, beliefs, etc.

Question 44

The mere exposure effect

Answer 44

Proposes that the more you “are exposed” to a person, the more you like them, as you feel they are more part of your in-group.

Question 45

Equity theory

Answer 45

Suggests that people are more satisfied with a relationship in which there is equal give and take by both parties.