Human Relationships - terminology Flashcards
Cooperation
Groups or individuals working together for mutual benefit.
Competition
Groups or individuals working against each other for selfish benefit.
Free-riding
A possible cause for decrease in cooperation as group size increases. A free rider is in an individual who contributes little to nothing to a joint endeavour but nonetheless garners the same benefits as others who contribute their fair share. The resentment caused by them can hamper the efficiency if a froup working on a collective task.
Deindividuation
A feeling of being anonymous in a large group which decreases the likelihood of people conforming to group norms. Another cause for decrease in cooperation.
Cultural priming
Tests how brain activities underlying various cognitive/affective processes are modulated by recent exposure to specific cultural symbols or activation of specific cultural values/beliefs.
Social Comparison
The tendency to look at how others are behaving and thus adapting our behaviour (social loafing, free-rider effect, sucker effect).
Social Loafing
The reduction of individual effort that occurs when people work in groups compared to when they work alone.
Sucker effect
A phenomenon in which individuals reduce their personal investment in a group endeavour because of their expectation that others will think negatively of them for working too hard or contributing rio much (considering them to be a sucker).
Prejudice
A preconceived judgment, opinion or attitude directed toward certain people based on their membership in a particular group
Discrimination
An act, policy, practice, or social structure that creates, maintains, or reinforces an advantage for some groups and their members over other groups and their members
Implicit bias
A non-conscious automatic bias.
Threatened self perception
When our ego is threatened, our self-esteem drops. It is a reason why intergroup discrimination occurs, we use it to restore our self-esteem.
Integrated threat theory
Argues that prejudice has 3 components:
- Stereotyping: creates expectations about the out-group which lead to prejudice.
- Realistic threats: competition for economic resources.
- Symbolic threats: threats to one’s culture as a result of integrating people of an out-group which different social norms, morals and values than the existing group.
Contact hypothesis
Argues that prejudice can be reduced if the majority has positive contact experiences with members of a minority group. Some criteria for positive contact: equal status, cooperation, common goals, social or institutional support.
Minimal group paradigm
Minimal circumstances for discrimination to occur.
Enculturation
The process through which we learn about the culture we live in
Acculturation
The psychological and cultural adjustment that occurs within individuals, families, and cultural groups who come into contact with others from different cultural backgrounds
Social Identity Theory
Accepts that conflict can exist between groups simply because those groups exist.
Realistic group conflict theory
States that group membership and competition for limited resources may lead to conflict.
Morton-Deutsch theory
Lists 4 specific factors as important for understanding conflict resolution:
-Cooperative orientation
-Reframing
- Norms of cooperation
- Underlying values
Cooperative orientation
A win-win approach facilitates resolution, while a win-lose orientation does not.
Reframing
Reframing the conflict as a mutual problem, to be solved through mutual effort.
Norms of cooperation
Same norms as toward friends: respectful, responsible, honest, empowering, and caring behaviour.
Underlying values
Include reciprocity, equality, community, nonviolence.
