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Human Questions Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe the positive impacts of foreign migrants living in countries such as the UK (4) Jan09

A

Employment contribution e.g. Fruit picking

Pay taxes

Consumers of services

Increase culture

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2
Q

Explain why the number of European migrants entering the UK has risen sharply in recent years (4) Jan09

A

Right of entry due to EU

UK has specific job vacancies and there are push factors of unemployment from places such as Poland

Pull of UK culture life

Exchange rate encouraged migrants

Had preference for UK because of booming economy

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3
Q

Suggest why TNCs sometimes alter their products for sale in different countries and culture (4) Jan09

A

Tastes vary from place to place

Religious objections e.g. Some don’t eat pork or beef

Ensures people will like it - make more money

Climatic variability could affect availability of food ingredients

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4
Q

Explain how TNCs bring economic benefits to countries they invest in (4) Jan09

A

Jobs/better wages - improvement on subsistence work

Wages boost local consumption - multiplier effect

Direct investment (FDI) into nations welfare

Gives area prestige - may spark further investment

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5
Q

Why do many TNCs source what they need from a wide range of places (4) June12

A

Cheaper labour costs in some places

Cheaper land costs in some places

Seasonality - need all year round supplies

Fallen transport costs fosters outsourcing

Range of suppliers minimises disruption risk

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6
Q

Suggest why migration flows vary in size (3) June12

A

Different population sizes

Some places have more push factors e.g. political instability

Lack of work at source

Availability of travel routes

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7
Q

Explain why Europe’s Mediterranean coastline attracts migrants from within the EU (5) June12

A

Warm climate - attracts retired

Free movement within EU encourages it

Have specific work opportunities e.g. In tourism

Economic benefits to moving - e.g. Lower housing costs

EU infrastructure (e.g. ICT and travel) enables migration to other places

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8
Q

Suggest how one alternative strategy to landfill might reduce environmental concerns (3) June12

A

Recycling:

Landfill sites non biodegradable so less harm done to wildlife if this is reduced

Recycling uses less oil than new production

Reduced ecological footprint

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9
Q

Explain how globalisation has led to increasing levels of consumption around the world (5) June12

A

Globalisation is the growing interdependence of countries through trade and technology

Brings cheaper goods because lower labour costs so people buy more

Brought wealth to NICS/RICS so consumption rising there

Globalisation associated with low cost transport which lowers costs

Trade bloc growth - lack of internal tariffs lowers market prices

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10
Q

Suggest reasons why rapid urbanisation is taking place in countries such as China (4) June09

A

Rural - urban migration in search of jobs

Push factors - rural poverty, disasters

Pull factors - jobs (TNCs), education

Improved transport aids migration

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11
Q

Using examples, explain why new arrivals in mega cities often live in very poor conditions (4) June09

A

Migrants lack money so rely on self built housing

Overcrowding, Mumbai estimated to receive 600 migrants a day, so poor housing and lack of jobs - poverty

Developing nations lack vital infrastructure such as sewers

Developed nations. E.g. Los Angeles, has problems with homelessness due to overcrowding

Pay often low in sweat shops so can’t afford to improve their conditions

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12
Q

Explain why some places are better connected than others (4) June09

A

Developed/switched on places - have more money to access technology

Affluence means a better market for ICT providers

Political decisions - e.g. EU countries more connected due to trade bloc links

Resources have attracted TNCs who bring FDI that pays for connectivity

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13
Q

In what ways do transport and communications technology create a shrinking world (4) June09

A

Aeroplanes make travel much quicker

High speed rail links, e.g. Eurostar

Global ‘messaging’ by TNCs

Container shipping - enables trade flows of manufactured goods e.g. China-UK

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14
Q

Identify two reasons why some areas of the UK are more attractive than others for economic migrants (2) June09

A

More jobs in cities

Existing community in some places - can help find work

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15
Q

Describe the economic consequences of migration for Eastern European source countries (5) June09

A

Reduced population - mostly aged 18-30 - economic growth slows

Negative multiplier effect, services for 18-30 year olds suffer particularly

Remittances received

Lower unemployment so less money spent on social housing

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16
Q

Suggest reasons whys some rural parts of the UK have attracted high numbers of Eastern European migrants (4) June10

A

Agricultural jobs

Low wages have deterred host population so demand for workers

Living costs are cheaper than in cities

Some rural places are tourist attractions so find jobs in the tourist sector

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17
Q

Explain the positive and negative impacts of out migration for Eastern European source countries (5) June10

A

Migrants send remittances back

Returning migrants bring new skills

Reduced unemployment

Loss of workforce - economic growth slows

Ageing population a threat

Negative multiplier effect

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18
Q

Explain why some mega cities are making greater progress than others towards the goal of sustainable urban living (5) June10

A

Money needed for authorities to implement strategies

Overwhelming scale of the problem

Sustainable examples - London boris bike scheme

Sustainability can be or actives by individuals but depends on knowledge and wealth

Credit crunch slowed plans for changed in some badly affected cities

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19
Q

Describe the limitations of ethical purchasing strategies for producers and consumers (3) June10

A

Expensive for consumer

Some CBDs may lack ethical suppliers

Limited range of goods

Producers may still be poorly paid

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20
Q

Explain how globalisation has led to the exploitation of workers in some countries (5) June10

A

Global shift linked with low wage work in offshore locations

TNCs avoid health/safety regulations

Workers can be prosecuted if they appeal for better conditions e.g. In Indonesia

There can be exploitation by many sectors (farms, factories, call centres)

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21
Q

Explain the factors that have caused fertility rates to vary over time in the UK (4) June11

A

Increases:

After world wars - husbands return - post WW2 baby boom

Decreases:

Improved contraception

Improved status of women

Economic downturns - smaller family size

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22
Q

Why does in migration often lead to higher rates of natural increase for developing world mega cities (2) June11

A

Migrants generally young

Higher birth rate because they start families etc

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23
Q

Explain why mega cities usually attract more migrants than smaller cities (4) June11

A

Better paid/range of jobs

Size means more services/housing

Associated with prestige

Perceived to have more opportunities for poor people

Population size may mean there is key institutions such as universities

24
Q

Explain how physical factors may have contributed to the growth of switched on/off places (5) Jan12

A

Location - landlocked countries like Malawi - difficult to trade because no port

Resources for trading - oil in Middle East

Strategic location for trade - e.g. Pacific rim gives access to range of markets

Climatic vulnerability - don’t have money to invest in technology to help them become switched on etc

25
Q

Suggest reasons why many Eastern Europeans migrated to the UK in 2005 instead of other countries (4) Jan12

A

Higher earning in UK than many other destinations

UK has a generous minimum wage

English is a well known language

Had a restriction free entry policy for A8 migrants in 2005

Advantageous exchange rate in 2005

May have greater job vacancies in a variety of sectors

26
Q

Explain the social impacts of migration within Europe for host nations (4) Jan12

A

Increased culture

Pressure on health and education services

Migrants entering local politics e.g. Brits in Spain, may cause tensions

Hostility between locals and migrants

27
Q

Explain why the impacts of an ageing population vary from place to place in the UK (4) Jan12

A

If there’s a lack of workers paying local taxes - higher dependancy ratio

Coastal areas - elderly migration hotspots

Rural areas - out migration of young so ageing population more of an issue

Less problems in most big urban areas where there is a youthful population

28
Q

Why does the UK’s ageing population bring many economic challenges (5) Jan12

A

Increased need for pensions

Higher taxes

WHO warns increase in diabetes with ageing population - strain on NHS

Rising costs for care homes etc

Money may have to be diverted from education etc to pay for the needs of the elderly

29
Q

What are newly industrialised countries (3) Jan10

A

These were LDSc in the past and have now become richer/industrialised

They have increased their GDP and trade

An example is the BRICS - Brazil, Russia, India, China

30
Q

Explain why the OPEC nations have become a wealthy and powerful global grouping (4) Jan10

A

Oil money - increased due to high demand on limited supplies

Some key members are Dubai, UAE, Saudi Arabia

They have a global role due to ability to control oil prices

Petrodollars serve as basis for multiplier into other sectors

31
Q

Many large urban areas have unusually high numbers of people under 25, suggest why (3) Jan10

A

In-migration of young for work/study

Large number and variety of jobs

More likely to have institutions such as universities

Out-migration of elderly

32
Q

Explain how 20th century improvements in health and hygiene have brought increased life expectancy to the UK (4) Jan10

A

NHS established - people have access to free healthcare

Immunisation and vaccines developed

Improvements to water supplies, avoids diseases such as cholera

33
Q

Explain how the growth of mega cities threatens the sustainability of the urban environment (5) Jan10

A

Sustainability is leaving the city for good use for future generations

Habitats lost to urban sprawl

Green spaces within the city may be lost -reduced biodiversity

Air quality very poor, e.g. Equivalent of 20 cigarettes a day

34
Q

Explain how political factors both help and hinder the growth of global connections (4) Jan13

A

Help:

Decision of national governments to join trade blocs leads to increased flows

Governments may prioritise spending on ICT etc

Hinder:

Governments of some states cut them off from the rest of the world e.g. North Korea

Corruption - spending on weapons etc rather than technology and ICT

35
Q

Suggest three reasons why census data may sometimes be incomplete or inaccurate (3) Jan13

A

People provide false/inaccurate information

Details wrongly entered

Some people avoid census - tax evasion

Quickly become out of date

New migrants arrive after census completed

36
Q

Explain how personal and local data sources can be used to study population changes and people’s roots (5) Jan13

A

Family diaries

Parish records

Census

Can be used to investigate population movements, births, occupations etc

37
Q

Suggest three reasons why air pollution is often higher in developing world mega cities than developed (3) Jan13

A

Fewer regulations

More industries

Rapid construction

Dirty full sources - e.g. coal, wood

38
Q

Using examples, explain how cities can become more sustainable (5) Jan13

A

Sustainability is managing resources in a way that proposes there further use by future generations

Reducing air pollution encouraging cycling rather than cars, e.g. Boris bike scheme London

Reducing number of cars on road e.g. Mexico City banned private cars driving there one day a week

Dheli - converted all buses to compressed natural gas

Creating new housing to accommodate incomers e.g. BedZed scheme in London

39
Q

Explain why post colonial migrants have been attracted to the UK since the 1950s (4) June13

A

Migration from ex colonies was permitted in 1950s due to post war worker shortages

Higher pay compared to poor source countries at the time

English speaking therefore suited to UK work place

NHS free health care/free education available

40
Q

Using examples, explain the different types of employment opportunities that pull migrants to mega cities (4) June13

A

Wide range of employment provided by different TNCs e.g. In factories or in service sector in call centres

Range of opportunities from high to low paid work

Opportunity to set up own businesses

Government employment

41
Q

Explain why rapid mega city growth in the developing world creates environmental problems (5) June13

A

Rapid growth in transport - congestion - air pollution

Rapid population growth - high demand for housing which cannot be met - leads to slum development/urban sprawl - loss of green space

Lack of legislation to limit environmental damage

Urbanisation and industrialisation - increase in solid waste - landfill

42
Q

Suggest two actions that TNCs could take to improve their ethical score (4) June13

A

Reduce carbon footprint through more renewable energy

Adopt fair trade rules - guarantees fair prices

Introduce minimum wage

43
Q

Explain the strengths and weaknesses of buying locally as an ethical or green strategy (5) June13

A

Strengths:

Lower carbon footprint so more sustainable

Benefits local farmers by raising their incomes

Weaknesses:

Higher costs may deter shoppers

Poor farmers in LDCs lose trade, e.g. Coffee bean growers in Kenya

Local produce may still have high environmental costs, e.g.heated greenhouses

44
Q

Why have NICs become important centres for manufacturing and investment? (5) Jan09

A

Low cost of labour

Relaxed environmental laws

Workforce qualities e.g. English spoken in India so BT attracted there

Infrastructure has been improved e.g. with IMF loans

45
Q

Suggest reasons why Tesco stores have not been opened in some continents (3) Jan11

A

Lack of wealth so not enough customers to buy products

Concentration on making more money elsewhere e.g. In new emerging Asian markets

Possible obstacles to market entry due to political stability and conflict

46
Q

Using examples, describe the strategies that TNCs use to expand their global businesses (5) Jan11

A

Spread of new stores through FDI to build new factories

Marketing success achieved through glocalisation strategies e.g. Macdonalds alter their products to cultural views etc in different locations

Trade blocs e.g. EU making investment easier

Political factors include IMF opening up markets through SAPs

47
Q

Explain why some British retirees have chosen to live overseas in recent years (5) Jan11

A

People are living longer so more retirees to migrate

Particular appeal of warm Mediterranean/Spanish climate

Role of low cost airlines

Easier to stay in touch with family than in past (Internet etc)

Economic pull factors include euro exchange rate and cheaper property

48
Q

Identify two physical reasons why some places become more switched on than other places (2) June14

A

High value natural resources e.g. Oil and gas

Coastline for trade/access

Flat land suitable for factories/transport/airport

49
Q

Using examples, explain how flows of information create global networks (4) June14

A

Internet enables information flows such as the news and can create social networks which may encourage migration as it allows them to stay in touch with their family

TNCs use economic information (data/finance) to trade and build global businesses

Information about holiday etc and online bookings helps increase tourism

Global exchange of knowledge e.g. via the media builds learning communities

50
Q

What are the main characteristics and purpose of OECD (2) June14

A

Group of high income countries

Promotes policies that will improve the well being of the worlds people/interests

51
Q

What are the characteristics and purpose of OPEC (2) June14

A

Group of major oil producing nations who are wealthy from petrodollars

Act to influence oil prices and regulate supplies

52
Q

Explain why countries join trade blocs such as the EU and NAFTA (5) June11

A

Free trade between member states allows access to new markets which results in cheaper prices for consumers so overall higher GDP

Encourages investment from TNCs e.g. Nissan in England

Benefits of common external tariff

Greater economic security to members

Allows workforce to move to where there is demand

53
Q

Suggest how population growth in developing world mega cities is caused by economic pull factors in urban areas (3) June14

A

Greater range of jobs e.g. Manufacturing jobs for TNCs

No limit to potential earnings compared with rural

More chance to set up own businesses as more customers

54
Q

Suggest how population growth in developing world megacitie sis caused by social push factors in rural areas (3) June14

A

Lack of schools and education

Lack of medical and health facilities

Lack of young people can lead to spiral of decline

55
Q

Describe how one named mega city has grown and developed over time (4) June14

A

Mumbai

Rural-urban growth/natural increase

Growth of shanty towns on outskirts

Growth in central slum areas e.g. Dharavi slum in Mumbai

developed through slum clearance and a rise in CBDs

Geography (5 decks)

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