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0
Q

What are the four types of globalisation?

A

Economic
Environmental
Demographic
Political

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1
Q

Define globalisation

A

The growing interdependence of countries through trade, communications and technology

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2
Q

What are the impacts of globalisation on finance?

A

Some TNCs have higher turnover than some countries GDP

Millions exchanged electronically every day

Works wide reduction in consumer prices

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3
Q

What are the impacts of globalisation on politics?

A

Expansion of international political organisations

Governments may lose control of their countries to companies

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4
Q

What are the impacts of globalisation on people?

A

Global trade barriers removed

Cheaper mobile/Internet rates

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5
Q

What are the impacts of globalisation on culture?

A

Loss of national identity

Global tourism increased

Americanisation spreading

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6
Q

Briefly describe how four factors encourage globalisation

A

Free trade - removing trade tariffs promoted easier faster trade

TNCs - have shifted production to developing world and created global connections and trade links

Media - global media corporations have global reach and present a ‘world view’ of the news

Transport technology - cheaper air travel, containerisation led to cheap travel too (big ships can carry 9000+ containers)

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7
Q

What do the IMF do?

A

Channels loans from the worlds richest nations to countries that apply for help. In return these governments must be open to investment from outside (TNCs)

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8
Q

What are structural adjustment programmes?

A

Strict conditions imposed on countries reviewing loans from the IMF and world bank

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9
Q

Define international elite

A

A group of people who are economically and socially powerful

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10
Q

When was the photo earth rise taken and how did it help globalisation

A

1969

First time people had seen earth as a single entity

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11
Q

Globalisation is causing large scale rural-urban migration

Give two reasons for this shift

A

Television/radio/newspapers - knowledge of other places can trigger migration particularly of the young

FDI - FDI that TNCs invest in urban areas of poorer countries creates jobs so attracts migrants

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12
Q

What is FDI?

A

Foreign direct investment is a financial injection made by a TNC into a nation’s economy

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13
Q

What is OPEC?

A

Organisation of petroleum exporting countries

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14
Q

What is OECD?

A

Organisation for economic corporation and development

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15
Q

What is NAFTA?

A

North American free trade agreement

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16
Q

What is APEC?

A

Asia Pacific economic corporation

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17
Q

Give some examples of economic groupings

A

Least developed countries - a group of around 50 states that has sometimes been referred to as ‘fourth world’

OPEC - members display well above averages levels of wealth but it is often unevenly distributed e.g. Nigeria

OECD - organisation of 30 nations where high levels of wealth are evenly distributed and typical living standard is good, e.g. Uk, France, Germany, USA

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18
Q

Why are trade blocs a political grouping?

A

To trade freely agreements have to be made that allow national boundaries to be crossed. This requires an amendment of national laws

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19
Q

What are the benefits of trade blocs?

A

Greater economic security to members

Access to new customers

Increased demand - more production - lower cost

Tariffs often removed within them - Markets grow

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20
Q

What are the disadvantages of trade blocs?

A

Produces can lose out

Unfair distortion of prices

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21
Q

What is a TNC?

A

A transnational corporation is a company that has operations in more than one country . They link together groups of countries through the production of goods.

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22
Q

Why do TNCs go global?

A

Operate where labour is cheaper/less regulated

Operate inside local trade barriers

Gain grants from governments who are trying to attract inward investment

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23
Q

How do TNCs go global?

A

Outsource production

Sell products in new countries

Foreign direct investment

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24
Q

When did Tesco begin?

A

1919 as a grocery stall in East London

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25
Q

When did entry into Asian markets begin for Tesco

A

1998

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26
Q

How much of Tesco’s international profits now come from Asia?

A

60%

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27
Q

When did the first tesco store open in China?

A

2004

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28
Q

When did the first tesco store open in the USA?

A

2007

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29
Q

Approximately many stores does tesco have overseas?

A

1250

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30
Q

Give a benefit for TNC source countries?

A

Less environmental pollution from factories

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31
Q

Give some costs for TNC source countries?

A

Job losses due to outsourcing

Abandoned production location - derelict land

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32
Q

Give some benefits for TNC host countries?

A

TNCs demand infrastructure which benefit locals

Economic growth

Falling poverty levels

Improved literacy as employees trained

Improved political stability

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33
Q

Give some costs for TNC host countries?

A

TNCs may outcompete local suppliers

TNCs may pay no or very low taxes

New locations become polluted

Worker exploitation

Decline of traditional culture

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34
Q

How do TNCs affect global wealth?

A

Even if wages are low, workers spend money after being paid so stimulate growth of other services
Often work in partnership with local governments that offer financial support

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35
Q

What does the world at night picture show?

A

It gives an indication of where wealth is found.

Brightly lit places are those where energy is in use. These are called switched on places.

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36
Q

What is meant by a switched on place?

A

Nations that are strongly connected to other places through the production and consumption of goods and services

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37
Q

What is meant by a shrinking world?

A

Due to technology, distant places start to feel closer and take less time to reach

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38
Q

What does the world at night picture show?

A

It gives an indication of where wealth is found.

Brightly lit places are those where energy is in use. These are called switched on places.

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39
Q

What is meant by a switched on place?

A

Nations that are strongly connected to other places through the production and consumption of goods and services

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40
Q

What is meant by a shrinking world?

A

Due to technology, distant places start to feel closer and take less time to reach

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41
Q

What is a network?

A

An illustration or model that shows how different places are linked together?

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42
Q

What are nodes?

A

The points on a network

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43
Q

What is meant by the term global hub?

A

It’s used to describe a node that is particularly well connected (places that have a global influence and make others want to connect with them)

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44
Q

What are the connections between nodes?

A

Flows

Flows are moments of:
Money
Raw materials
Manufactured good/services
Information
People
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45
Q

Geographical analysis recognises that over time countries have become more interconnected, what is meant by this?

A

Trade and migration flows have increased due to technology, market forces and political decisions

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46
Q

Geographical analysis recognises that over time countries have become more interdependent, what is meant by this?

A

What happens in one place increasingly has impacts on other places

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47
Q

When was easy jet founded?

A

1995 - solely flights within UK

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48
Q

How many flight routes does easy jet now have within the EU?

A

300

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49
Q

When did they announce expansion into markets outside the EU?

A

2005

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50
Q

What did easy jet do in 1998?

A

Acquired 40% of a Swiss air travel company

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51
Q

By 2006 how many aeroplanes did they have carrying how many people?

A

122 aeroplanes carrying 33 billion to their destinations that year

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52
Q

How does easy jet benefit the places it adds to their flight list?

A

Places become more switched on - brings the places more money and boosts trade for its restaurants, hotels and bars

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53
Q

Why do some regions remain switched off?

A

High vulnerability to climate change - Mozambique

Resources controlled by small elite - Zimbabwe

Politically isolated - North Korea

Physical isolation and lack of coastline - Niger

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54
Q

What are the physical impacts of China’s growth?

A

Before 2050 China will be consuming more oil and paper than the world currently produces

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55
Q

What are the social impacts of China’s growth?

A

Massive population

Many of population healthy, skilled and literate

20% live on less than $1 a day

360 million don’t have access to clean drinking water

56
Q

What are the economic impacts of China’s growth?

A

Since 1970 their economy has doubled every 8 years

Since 1980 UK has experienced thirty fold increase in trade with China

60% of world trade since 2004 been as a result of China’s industrialisation

57
Q

What are the political impacts of China’s growth?

A

1990s China became a more capitalist economy

When Mao Zedong died in 1976 new rules were developed and and open door policy to investment from overseas from 1986 onwards

58
Q

What is demography?

A

The study of population characteristics and movements

59
Q

What can demographers refer to to see how population has changed?

A

National statistics

Parish registers

Personal recollection

60
Q

What is the trend and explanation of birth rate in the UK?

A

Trend - rates high after World War Two, now stabilised having declined for years

Explanation - improved contraception, children expensive, women can now work

61
Q

What is the trend and explanation of death rate in the UK?

A

Trend - low and stable

Explanation - better healthcare, better living standards, better technology

62
Q

What is the trend and explanation of life expectancy in the UK?

A

Trend - has risen steadily from 47 in 1900 to 87

Explanation - better healthcare, less dangerous jobs

63
Q

How is the dependancy ratio calculated?

A 
                   Population 15-64
64
Q

What are the problems with the dependancy ratio?

A

It’s a crude measurement

Most people stay at school after 15

Many work after age of 65

65
Q

What are the economic challenges presented by an ageing population?

A

Increased need for pensions

Public pension scheme into deficit

Higher taxes

66
Q

What are the economic opportunities presented by an ageing population?

A

Migrant workers drawn in to fill key jobs

Specific housing needs - builders/developers

Opportunities for part time work - e.g. BnQ

67
Q

What are the social challenges presented by an ageing population?

A

Pensioners will soon outnumber children

Higher retirement age

Conflict between generations likely to increase

68
Q

What are the social opportunities presented by an ageing population?

A

Extended family - free childcare

69
Q

What are the political challenges presented by an ageing population?

A

Little focus on elderly

Balancing expenditure is a difficult task

70
Q

What are the political opportunities presented by an ageing population?

A

Elderly could become an influential and articulate pressure group

71
Q

What are the health challenges presented by an ageing population?

A

Elderly increasingly victims of neglect

WHO warns ageing population will lead to increase in heart disease and diabetes

72
Q

What are the health opportunities presented by an ageing population?

A

Opportunity for advances in drugs and medicines

73
Q

What is a migrant?

A

Someone who moves their permanent residence from one country to another

74
Q

What is net migration?

A

The balance between immigration and emigration

75
Q

What are the 3 types of migrants?

A

Displaced persons
Illegal migrants
Voluntary migrants

76
Q

What are push factors?

A

Reasons people what to leave a country

E.g. war, poverty, crime

77
Q

What are pull factors?

A

Reasons people are attracted to another place

E.g. jobs, lower living costs, climate

78
Q

What are intervening obstacles?

A

Factors that make migration more difficult

E.g. language, visa, money

79
Q

In the UK there has been successive waves of immigration since the works war, summarise this

A

1945 - Jamaican economic migrants to London

1950s - Pakistani/Indian migrants

1960s - Bangladeshi migrants

1970s - around 20,000 Vietnamese boat people refugees

1980s - Chinese migrants

1990s - migration of Croatians, Bosnians, kosovans

2000s - opening of EU borders attracted Easter Europeans

80
Q

Give a benefit of Schengen

A

EU labour forces can move to where there is demand

81
Q

Give a cost of Schengen

A

External border control agency has to be set up to prevent illegal immigrants seeping through

82
Q

How does UK immigration policy try to balance the cost of migration with the benefits?

A

Only allows in certain migrants:

Tough policy on asylum seekers

Points based system which favours those with skills

83
Q

What are the benefits of economic migration (Poland-UK) for the host country?

A

Fills skills gaps and labour shortages

Increases culture

Economic growth - migrants are consumers

84
Q

What are the benefits of economic migration (Poland-UK) for the source country?

A

Migrants send remittances back home

Unemployment fallen from 18% to 10%

Less pressure on resources

Returning migrants may bring back new skills

85
Q

What are the costs of economic migration (Poland-UK) for the host country?

A

Strain on services

Some can’t speak English

Overcrowding

Growing tensions between locals and migrants

86
Q

What are the costs of economic migration (Poland-UK) for the source country?

A

Economic growth may slow

Ageing population is a threat

Worker exploitation

87
Q

What the benefits of sun seeker migration (UK-Spain) for the host country?

A

Increased spending in local economy

Job creation in services

Unproductive areas become valuable building sites

88
Q

What the costs of sun seeker migration (UK-Spain) for the host country?

A

Immigrant ‘ghettos’ created

Resentment as immigrants seek to enter local politics

Infrastructure strained

89
Q

What the benefits of sun seeker migration (UK-Spain) for the source country?

A

Fewer older people to take care of

Relieves pressure on houses

90
Q

What the costs of sun seeker migration (UK-Spain) for the source country?

A

Loss of potential childcare

Loss of highly experienced workforce

‘Grey pound’ spent overseas

91
Q

What is a megacity?

A

An urban area with a population of over 8 million

92
Q

What is a million city?

A

Cities with a population of over 1 million

93
Q

What is a world city?

A

Cities that wield huge economic and political power

94
Q

Define urbanisation

A

People moving into the city from the countryside

95
Q

Define sub urbanisation

A

People moving from the city to the edge of the city

96
Q

Define counter urbanisation

A

Movement out of cities into rural areas

97
Q

Define re urbanisation

A

Movement of people back into the city after regeneration

98
Q

Why does urbanisation happen?

A

Jobs

Away from rural poverty

Promise of a better lifestyle

99
Q

Why does suburbanisation happen?

A

Away from pollution/noise

More space

100
Q

Why does counter urbanisation happen?

A

Quieter

More space

More peaceful

Better lifestyle

101
Q

What is urban growth?

A

Refers to growth in the physical size of a city

102
Q

What is urban sprawl?

A

Occurs when urban ares grow outwards, usually in an uncontrolled way, onto surrounding rural land

103
Q

Summarise the immature urbanisation stage

A

Very rapid growth

Informal economy

Little planning and uncontrolled sprawl

104
Q

Summarise the consolidating urbanisation stage

A

Rapid growth

Manufacturing important and some service industries

Attempts at planning focused on waste, congestion and water supply

105
Q

Summarise the maturing urbanisation stage

A

Slow growth

Service industry dominates

Effective attempts at housing, transport and land use planning

106
Q

Summarise the established urbanisation stage

A

Very slow growth

Dominated by professional, services and retail

Quality of life is high for most and environmental quality is good

107
Q

A world city is defined by influence, give some examples

A

Political influence - e.g. New York home to the UN

Transport/communications - Heathrow in London has more international passengers than any other airport

108
Q

What are the challenges of growth in Mumbai?

A

10 people die on overcrowded railway system every day

Thousands of slum dwellers

Congestion, pollution and water problems

One million residents live illegally in Dharavi

109
Q

What are the problems of growth in Los Angeles?

A

Housing shortages

Many migrants excluded from healthcare and education because they can’t afford it

Massive energy use

10 million vehicles on road

110
Q

What is eviction?

A

An extreme solution that simply removes slums

111
Q

What is security of tenure?

A

People granted rights to occupy the land they inhabit

112
Q

What is site and service?

A

Setting out roads, sewers and water connections before slums develop

113
Q

What is consolidation

A

Residents gradually improving their homes

114
Q

What is aided self help?

A

Local councils/NGOs provide building materials and training to help communities improve conditions

115
Q

What is social housing?

A

New houses built for slum dwellers and slums demolished

116
Q

Give the disadvantages of eviction as a way of improving slum housing

A

International condemnation

Trust between people and authorities breaks down

Often violent and chaotic

117
Q

Give the advantages of eviction as a way of improving slum housing

A

Rapid

May allow infrastructure projects to be completed

If new housing is provided it may work

118
Q

Give the disadvantages of security of tenure as a way of improving slum housing

A

Compensation may have to be paid to land owners

May encourage further illegal land occupation

119
Q

Give the advantages of security of tenure as a way of improving slum housing

A

Low cost

Utility companies will connect areas that have secure tenure

120
Q

Give the disadvantages of site and service as a way of improving slum housing

A

Expensive

Requires careful planning

Often requires rent to be paid

121
Q

Give the advantages of site and service as a way of improving slum housing

A

Prevents urban sprawl

Secure tenure built in

Sanitation and water have major health benefits

122
Q

Give the disadvantages of consolidation as a way of improving slum housing

A

May take decades

Quality of life very poor in early stages

123
Q

Give the disadvantages of aided self help as a way of improving slum housing

A

Process is slow

Standards of construction may be poor

124
Q

Give the advantages of aided self help as a way of improving slum housing

A

Low cost

Builds community spirit

125
Q

Give the disadvantages of social housing as a way of improving slum housing

A

May lead to eviction

Costly

New housing may be too expensive for residents

126
Q

Give the advantages of social housing as a way of improving slum housing

A

Creates good quality housing

Removes slum housing quickly

127
Q

What being done in Dheli to reduce pollution?

A

All buses converted to cleaner compressed natural gas

128
Q

What’s being done in Mexico to reduce pollution?

A

Private cars are banned from driving in the city one day a week

129
Q

What are externalities?

A

Social and environmental effects that follow on from economic changes

130
Q

Summarise ‘two speed India’

A

By 2040 India is expected to become the second largest economy in the world

Become an attractive place for TNCs

Home to 32 billionaires

Around 375 million people live in slums

Dharavi slum - 600,000 people crammed in to just 1 square mile of land

131
Q

Define ecological footprint

A

A measurement of the area of land or water required to provide a person with the energy, food and resources they consume and the waste they produce

132
Q

What are some of the key energy consumption strategies?

A

Recycling

Local buying

Organic buying

Carbon credits

Biofuels

Green taxes

133
Q

Define sustainable development

A

Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

134
Q

Define economic sustainability

A

When individuals and communities continue to have access to a reliable income over time

135
Q

Define social sustainability

A

When all individuals in a community can continue to claim a reasonable quality of life and have opportunities to maximise their potential

136
Q

Define environmental sustainability

A

When no lasting damage is done to the environment and resources are managed in ways that generate their continued use

137
Q

What should people who are trying to shop ethically first ask themselves?

A

Was the transport efficient?

How much energy did the food production system use?

What are the economic and social consequences of buying overseas food?

Geography (5 decks)

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