Human Flashcards
0
Q
What are the four types of globalisation?
A
Economic
Environmental
Demographic
Political
1
Q
Define globalisation
A
The growing interdependence of countries through trade, communications and technology
2
Q
What are the impacts of globalisation on finance?
A
Some TNCs have higher turnover than some countries GDP
Millions exchanged electronically every day
Works wide reduction in consumer prices
3
Q
What are the impacts of globalisation on politics?
A
Expansion of international political organisations
Governments may lose control of their countries to companies
4
Q
What are the impacts of globalisation on people?
A
Global trade barriers removed
Cheaper mobile/Internet rates
5
Q
What are the impacts of globalisation on culture?
A
Loss of national identity
Global tourism increased
Americanisation spreading
6
Q
Briefly describe how four factors encourage globalisation
A
Free trade - removing trade tariffs promoted easier faster trade
TNCs - have shifted production to developing world and created global connections and trade links
Media - global media corporations have global reach and present a ‘world view’ of the news
Transport technology - cheaper air travel, containerisation led to cheap travel too (big ships can carry 9000+ containers)
7
Q
What do the IMF do?
A
Channels loans from the worlds richest nations to countries that apply for help. In return these governments must be open to investment from outside (TNCs)
8
Q
What are structural adjustment programmes?
A
Strict conditions imposed on countries reviewing loans from the IMF and world bank
9
Q
Define international elite
A
A group of people who are economically and socially powerful
10
Q
When was the photo earth rise taken and how did it help globalisation
A
1969
First time people had seen earth as a single entity
11
Q
Globalisation is causing large scale rural-urban migration
Give two reasons for this shift
A
Television/radio/newspapers - knowledge of other places can trigger migration particularly of the young
FDI - FDI that TNCs invest in urban areas of poorer countries creates jobs so attracts migrants
12
Q
What is FDI?
A
Foreign direct investment is a financial injection made by a TNC into a nation’s economy
13
Q
What is OPEC?
A
Organisation of petroleum exporting countries
14
Q
What is OECD?
A
Organisation for economic corporation and development
15
Q
What is NAFTA?
A
North American free trade agreement
16
Q
What is APEC?
A
Asia Pacific economic corporation
17
Q
Give some examples of economic groupings
A
Least developed countries - a group of around 50 states that has sometimes been referred to as ‘fourth world’
OPEC - members display well above averages levels of wealth but it is often unevenly distributed e.g. Nigeria
OECD - organisation of 30 nations where high levels of wealth are evenly distributed and typical living standard is good, e.g. Uk, France, Germany, USA
18
Q
Why are trade blocs a political grouping?
A
To trade freely agreements have to be made that allow national boundaries to be crossed. This requires an amendment of national laws
19
Q
What are the benefits of trade blocs?
A
Greater economic security to members
Access to new customers
Increased demand - more production - lower cost
Tariffs often removed within them - Markets grow
20
Q
What are the disadvantages of trade blocs?
A
Produces can lose out
Unfair distortion of prices
21
Q
What is a TNC?
A
A transnational corporation is a company that has operations in more than one country . They link together groups of countries through the production of goods.
22
Q
Why do TNCs go global?
A
Operate where labour is cheaper/less regulated
Operate inside local trade barriers
Gain grants from governments who are trying to attract inward investment
23
Q
How do TNCs go global?
A
Outsource production
Sell products in new countries
Foreign direct investment
24
When did Tesco begin?
1919 as a grocery stall in East London
25
When did entry into Asian markets begin for Tesco
1998
26
How much of Tesco's international profits now come from Asia?
60%
27
When did the first tesco store open in China?
2004
28
When did the first tesco store open in the USA?
2007
29
Approximately many stores does tesco have overseas?
1250
30
Give a benefit for TNC source countries?
Less environmental pollution from factories
31
Give some costs for TNC source countries?
Job losses due to outsourcing
Abandoned production location - derelict land
32
Give some benefits for TNC host countries?
TNCs demand infrastructure which benefit locals
Economic growth
Falling poverty levels
Improved literacy as employees trained
Improved political stability
33
Give some costs for TNC host countries?
TNCs may outcompete local suppliers
TNCs may pay no or very low taxes
New locations become polluted
Worker exploitation
Decline of traditional culture
34
How do TNCs affect global wealth?
Even if wages are low, workers spend money after being paid so stimulate growth of other services
Often work in partnership with local governments that offer financial support
35
What does the world at night picture show?
It gives an indication of where wealth is found.
| Brightly lit places are those where energy is in use. These are called switched on places.
36
What is meant by a switched on place?
Nations that are strongly connected to other places through the production and consumption of goods and services
37
What is meant by a shrinking world?
Due to technology, distant places start to feel closer and take less time to reach
38
What does the world at night picture show?
It gives an indication of where wealth is found.
| Brightly lit places are those where energy is in use. These are called switched on places.
39
What is meant by a switched on place?
Nations that are strongly connected to other places through the production and consumption of goods and services
40
What is meant by a shrinking world?
Due to technology, distant places start to feel closer and take less time to reach
41
What is a network?
An illustration or model that shows how different places are linked together?
42
What are nodes?
The points on a network
43
What is meant by the term global hub?
It's used to describe a node that is particularly well connected (places that have a global influence and make others want to connect with them)
44
What are the connections between nodes?
Flows
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Flows are moments of:
Money
Raw materials
Manufactured good/services
Information
People
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45
Geographical analysis recognises that over time countries have become more interconnected, what is meant by this?
Trade and migration flows have increased due to technology, market forces and political decisions
46
Geographical analysis recognises that over time countries have become more interdependent, what is meant by this?
What happens in one place increasingly has impacts on other places
47
When was easy jet founded?
1995 - solely flights within UK
48
How many flight routes does easy jet now have within the EU?
300
49
When did they announce expansion into markets outside the EU?
2005
50
What did easy jet do in 1998?
Acquired 40% of a Swiss air travel company
51
By 2006 how many aeroplanes did they have carrying how many people?
122 aeroplanes carrying 33 billion to their destinations that year
52
How does easy jet benefit the places it adds to their flight list?
Places become more switched on - brings the places more money and boosts trade for its restaurants, hotels and bars
53
Why do some regions remain switched off?
High vulnerability to climate change - Mozambique
Resources controlled by small elite - Zimbabwe
Politically isolated - North Korea
Physical isolation and lack of coastline - Niger
54
What are the physical impacts of China's growth?
Before 2050 China will be consuming more oil and paper than the world currently produces
55
What are the social impacts of China's growth?
Massive population
Many of population healthy, skilled and literate
20% live on less than $1 a day
360 million don't have access to clean drinking water
56
What are the economic impacts of China's growth?
Since 1970 their economy has doubled every 8 years
Since 1980 UK has experienced thirty fold increase in trade with China
60% of world trade since 2004 been as a result of China's industrialisation
57
What are the political impacts of China's growth?
1990s China became a more capitalist economy
When Mao Zedong died in 1976 new rules were developed and and open door policy to investment from overseas from 1986 onwards
58
What is demography?
The study of population characteristics and movements
59
What can demographers refer to to see how population has changed?
National statistics
Parish registers
Personal recollection
60
What is the trend and explanation of birth rate in the UK?
Trend - rates high after World War Two, now stabilised having declined for years
Explanation - improved contraception, children expensive, women can now work
61
What is the trend and explanation of death rate in the UK?
Trend - low and stable
Explanation - better healthcare, better living standards, better technology
62
What is the trend and explanation of life expectancy in the UK?
Trend - has risen steadily from 47 in 1900 to 87
Explanation - better healthcare, less dangerous jobs
63
How is the dependancy ratio calculated?
Population under 16 + population over 65
--------------------------------------------------
Population 15-64
64
What are the problems with the dependancy ratio?
It's a crude measurement
Most people stay at school after 15
Many work after age of 65
65
What are the economic challenges presented by an ageing population?
Increased need for pensions
Public pension scheme into deficit
Higher taxes
66
What are the economic opportunities presented by an ageing population?
Migrant workers drawn in to fill key jobs
Specific housing needs - builders/developers
Opportunities for part time work - e.g. BnQ
67
What are the social challenges presented by an ageing population?
Pensioners will soon outnumber children
Higher retirement age
Conflict between generations likely to increase
68
What are the social opportunities presented by an ageing population?
Extended family - free childcare
69
What are the political challenges presented by an ageing population?
Little focus on elderly
Balancing expenditure is a difficult task
70
What are the political opportunities presented by an ageing population?
Elderly could become an influential and articulate pressure group
71
What are the health challenges presented by an ageing population?
Elderly increasingly victims of neglect
WHO warns ageing population will lead to increase in heart disease and diabetes
72
What are the health opportunities presented by an ageing population?
Opportunity for advances in drugs and medicines
73
What is a migrant?
Someone who moves their permanent residence from one country to another
74
What is net migration?
The balance between immigration and emigration
75
What are the 3 types of migrants?
Displaced persons
Illegal migrants
Voluntary migrants
76
What are push factors?
Reasons people what to leave a country
E.g. war, poverty, crime
77
What are pull factors?
Reasons people are attracted to another place
| E.g. jobs, lower living costs, climate
78
What are intervening obstacles?
Factors that make migration more difficult
E.g. language, visa, money
79
In the UK there has been successive waves of immigration since the works war, summarise this
1945 - Jamaican economic migrants to London
1950s - Pakistani/Indian migrants
1960s - Bangladeshi migrants
1970s - around 20,000 Vietnamese boat people refugees
1980s - Chinese migrants
1990s - migration of Croatians, Bosnians, kosovans
2000s - opening of EU borders attracted Easter Europeans
80
Give a benefit of Schengen
EU labour forces can move to where there is demand
81
Give a cost of Schengen
External border control agency has to be set up to prevent illegal immigrants seeping through
82
How does UK immigration policy try to balance the cost of migration with the benefits?
Only allows in certain migrants:
Tough policy on asylum seekers
Points based system which favours those with skills
83
What are the benefits of economic migration (Poland-UK) for the host country?
Fills skills gaps and labour shortages
Increases culture
Economic growth - migrants are consumers
84
What are the benefits of economic migration (Poland-UK) for the source country?
Migrants send remittances back home
Unemployment fallen from 18% to 10%
Less pressure on resources
Returning migrants may bring back new skills
85
What are the costs of economic migration (Poland-UK) for the host country?
Strain on services
Some can't speak English
Overcrowding
Growing tensions between locals and migrants
86
What are the costs of economic migration (Poland-UK) for the source country?
Economic growth may slow
Ageing population is a threat
Worker exploitation
87
What the benefits of sun seeker migration (UK-Spain) for the host country?
Increased spending in local economy
Job creation in services
Unproductive areas become valuable building sites
88
What the costs of sun seeker migration (UK-Spain) for the host country?
Immigrant 'ghettos' created
Resentment as immigrants seek to enter local politics
Infrastructure strained
89
What the benefits of sun seeker migration (UK-Spain) for the source country?
Fewer older people to take care of
Relieves pressure on houses
90
What the costs of sun seeker migration (UK-Spain) for the source country?
Loss of potential childcare
Loss of highly experienced workforce
'Grey pound' spent overseas
91
What is a megacity?
An urban area with a population of over 8 million
92
What is a million city?
Cities with a population of over 1 million
93
What is a world city?
Cities that wield huge economic and political power
94
Define urbanisation
People moving into the city from the countryside
95
Define sub urbanisation
People moving from the city to the edge of the city
96
Define counter urbanisation
Movement out of cities into rural areas
97
Define re urbanisation
Movement of people back into the city after regeneration
98
Why does urbanisation happen?
Jobs
Away from rural poverty
Promise of a better lifestyle
99
Why does suburbanisation happen?
Away from pollution/noise
More space
100
Why does counter urbanisation happen?
Quieter
More space
More peaceful
Better lifestyle
101
What is urban growth?
Refers to growth in the physical size of a city
102
What is urban sprawl?
Occurs when urban ares grow outwards, usually in an uncontrolled way, onto surrounding rural land
103
Summarise the immature urbanisation stage
Very rapid growth
Informal economy
Little planning and uncontrolled sprawl
104
Summarise the consolidating urbanisation stage
Rapid growth
Manufacturing important and some service industries
Attempts at planning focused on waste, congestion and water supply
105
Summarise the maturing urbanisation stage
Slow growth
Service industry dominates
Effective attempts at housing, transport and land use planning
106
Summarise the established urbanisation stage
Very slow growth
Dominated by professional, services and retail
Quality of life is high for most and environmental quality is good
107
A world city is defined by influence, give some examples
Political influence - e.g. New York home to the UN
Transport/communications - Heathrow in London has more international passengers than any other airport
108
What are the challenges of growth in Mumbai?
10 people die on overcrowded railway system every day
Thousands of slum dwellers
Congestion, pollution and water problems
One million residents live illegally in Dharavi
109
What are the problems of growth in Los Angeles?
Housing shortages
Many migrants excluded from healthcare and education because they can't afford it
Massive energy use
10 million vehicles on road
110
What is eviction?
An extreme solution that simply removes slums
111
What is security of tenure?
People granted rights to occupy the land they inhabit
112
What is site and service?
Setting out roads, sewers and water connections before slums develop
113
What is consolidation
Residents gradually improving their homes
114
What is aided self help?
Local councils/NGOs provide building materials and training to help communities improve conditions
115
What is social housing?
New houses built for slum dwellers and slums demolished
116
Give the disadvantages of eviction as a way of improving slum housing
International condemnation
Trust between people and authorities breaks down
Often violent and chaotic
117
Give the advantages of eviction as a way of improving slum housing
Rapid
May allow infrastructure projects to be completed
If new housing is provided it may work
118
Give the disadvantages of security of tenure as a way of improving slum housing
Compensation may have to be paid to land owners
May encourage further illegal land occupation
119
Give the advantages of security of tenure as a way of improving slum housing
Low cost
Utility companies will connect areas that have secure tenure
120
Give the disadvantages of site and service as a way of improving slum housing
Expensive
Requires careful planning
Often requires rent to be paid
121
Give the advantages of site and service as a way of improving slum housing
Prevents urban sprawl
Secure tenure built in
Sanitation and water have major health benefits
122
Give the disadvantages of consolidation as a way of improving slum housing
May take decades
Quality of life very poor in early stages
123
Give the disadvantages of aided self help as a way of improving slum housing
Process is slow
Standards of construction may be poor
124
Give the advantages of aided self help as a way of improving slum housing
Low cost
Builds community spirit
125
Give the disadvantages of social housing as a way of improving slum housing
May lead to eviction
Costly
New housing may be too expensive for residents
126
Give the advantages of social housing as a way of improving slum housing
Creates good quality housing
Removes slum housing quickly
127
What being done in Dheli to reduce pollution?
All buses converted to cleaner compressed natural gas
128
What's being done in Mexico to reduce pollution?
Private cars are banned from driving in the city one day a week
129
What are externalities?
Social and environmental effects that follow on from economic changes
130
Summarise 'two speed India'
By 2040 India is expected to become the second largest economy in the world
Become an attractive place for TNCs
Home to 32 billionaires
Around 375 million people live in slums
Dharavi slum - 600,000 people crammed in to just 1 square mile of land
131
Define ecological footprint
A measurement of the area of land or water required to provide a person with the energy, food and resources they consume and the waste they produce
132
What are some of the key energy consumption strategies?
Recycling
Local buying
Organic buying
Carbon credits
Biofuels
Green taxes
133
Define sustainable development
Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
134
Define economic sustainability
When individuals and communities continue to have access to a reliable income over time
135
Define social sustainability
When all individuals in a community can continue to claim a reasonable quality of life and have opportunities to maximise their potential
136
Define environmental sustainability
When no lasting damage is done to the environment and resources are managed in ways that generate their continued use
137
What should people who are trying to shop ethically first ask themselves?
Was the transport efficient?
How much energy did the food production system use?
What are the economic and social consequences of buying overseas food?
