Human Prehistory exam 2

Question 1

Which processes of evolution shuffle alles

Answer 1

Natural Selection, Gene drift, and Gene flow

Question 2

Which processes of evolution creates alles

Answer 2

Mutation

Question 3

Directional Selection

Answer 3

Goes to one extreme

Question 4

Stabilizing Selection

Answer 4

Goes for an average scale

Question 5

Disruptive Selection

Answer 5

Goes for both extremes

Question 6

No Selection

Answer 6

Nothing major happens

Question 7

Lactose tolerance in adult humans

Answer 7

Resulted from random mutations

C/C: Lactose intolerant C/T: Tolerant T/T: Tolerant

Question 8

Sickle cell Anemia

Answer 8

Resulted from cultures moving from one place to another and changing the environment, interacting with malaria, natural selection, and random mutation

A/A: No sickle cell (risk of death to malaria), A/S: Sickle cell (low risk of death), S/S: Too much sickle cell (?)

Question 9

Trisomy

Answer 9

A genetic disorder in which a person has three copies of a chromosome instead of two

Question 10

Klinefelter Syndrome

Answer 10

Where boys and men are born with an extra X chromosome

Question 11

Chromosomal Mutation

Answer 11

These mutations can involve deletions, insertions, inversions, or translocations of sections or segments of DNA

Question 12

Barriers to gene flow

Answer 12

Rivers, mountains, islands, canyons

Question 13

Exogamous

Answer 13

More flow, more genetic variation (reproducing outside the group)

Question 14

Endogamous

Answer 14

Less flow, less genetic variation (reproducing inside the group only)

Question 15

Patrilocal

Answer 15

Males stay in birthplace; females migrate

Question 16

Matrilocal

Answer 16

Females stay in birthplace; males migrate

Question 17

Founder effect

Answer 17

Small group leaving a big group, settling elsewhere, and becoming isolated

Question 18

Blood types

Answer 18

A, B, AB, and O

Question 19

The Race concept

Answer 19

Using the physical differences between people as a value system (one is more superior to the other).
It’s typically used to justify discrimination against others.
With our advances in understanding DNA, the race concept has become irrational and irrelevant.

Question 20

Typological classification

Answer 20

5 races

Question 21

Franz Boas

Answer 21

Debunked “head shape based on race” theory

Question 22

R.C Lewontin

Answer 22

Genetic variation does not follow racial categorization

Question 23

The idea of Clines

Answer 23

Gradual changes in variation overtime

Question 24

4 levels of adaptations

Answer 24

Genetic (Natural Selection)
Developmental (Ontogenetic)
Acclimatization (Physiological)
Cultural (Behavioral)

Question 25

Bergmann’s and Allen’s rules: Body Shape

Answer 25

Heat stress: vasodilation, sweating and hairlessness, tall and skinny
Cold stress: vasoconstriction, shivering (it warms you), Elevated BMR (Faster metabolism), clothes and shelter, short and round

Question 26

Vasodilation

Answer 26

Blood vessels expand

Question 27

Vasoconstriction

Answer 27

Blood vessels constricting themselves

Question 28

Characteristics of skin pigmentation

Answer 28

Structure of skin, structure of pigment production, UV radiation, melanin content

Question 29

Pros and cons of UV Radiation

Answer 29

Pros - We make vitamin D from it
Cons - Too much UV radiation can lead to skin cancer

Question 30

Why study primates?

Answer 30

So we can understand ourselves as a species since they are our closest relatives

Question 31

Characteristics of primates

Answer 31

Arboreal, highly social, generalized teeth, grasping hands and feet, opposable first digits, nails instead of claws, forward-facing eyes, stereoscopic vision, enclosed bony orbits, mainly diurnal, single offspring (k-selected), longer period of maturation, greater dependance on learned behavior, large brains

Question 32

Strepsirhines

Answer 32

• Lemurs, Lorises, and Galages
• Nocturnal and diurnal
• Moist rhinarium and > olfaction
• Tooth comb and grooming claw
• A few have litters

Question 33

Haplorhines

Answer 33

• Dry nose
• Diurnal (two exceptions)
• Very social (one exceptions)
• Large brains
• Longer growth
• Single births (two exceptions)

Question 34

Tarsiers

Answer 34

• Nocturnal
• Predatory
• Pair-bonded
  -Tiny
• Carnivore
• “Park” the young (bring your offspring with you or leave it

Question 35

Platyrrhini

Answer 35

• Nostrals point sideways
• Prehensile tails (grasping tails)

Question 36

Ceropithecienes

Answer 36

• Fruit and seeds
• Cheek pouches
• Similiar arm and leg lengths
• Short tails

Question 37

Hominoid

Answer 37

• Apes and Humans
• Increased brain volume and intelligence
• Larger growth period
• Increased social complexity (1 exception)
• Large body size
• Unique locomotor patterns

Question 38

Y-5 molars

Answer 38

The lower molar teeth of apes and humans have five cusps, or raised points, on their grinding surfaces

Question 39

How do fossils form?

Answer 39

When an organism dies, if they get covered in sediment, they will be under the right conditions to fossilize

Question 40

Trace fossils

Answer 40

Fossils of footprints

Question 41

How do we date fossils?

Answer 41

We examine in a lab and look at how many half-lives are left in the fossil. Additionally, you can also look at the rock layer in which it came from.