Human Population Genetics

Question 1

groups of people who can be defined by a common characteristic
* Characteristics relevant to genetics can include geography, ancestry, society, and culture

Answer 1

population

Question 2

the introduction of new genetic variants into a population such as by migration

Answer 2

gene flow

Question 3

New traits arise in a population due to introduction of genetic variation from .. or …

Answer 3

mutation or gene flow

Question 4

events that occur by totally random chance that arnt related genetics that could either increase or decrease the number of people in the population who have a certain variant

Answer 4

genetic drift (random)

outcomes of genetic drift:
Traits can be lost, maintained, or fixed (everyone has it) in a population
* has a larger effect on smaller populations bc a random event affecting a small number of individuals is more likely to substantially affect the composition of the population

Question 5

if the genetic variant is detrimental it leads to …

if the genetic variant is beneficial it leads to …

Answer 5

negative selection -> trait can still be maintained or it will be lost
poitive selection -> trait will be maintained or fixed

Question 6

Genetic variation can be introduced into a population by either the molecular event of … in an individual, or by …. , which is the migration of one or more individuals with pre-existing genetic variation into the population

Answer 6

mutation

gene flow

Question 7

a physical grouping of genomic variants that tend to be inherited together from a single parent

Answer 7

haplotype

• recombination occurs around haplotypes (called haplotype blocks) over generations

Question 8

*is the non-random association of two alleles or variants in a population

on a population level, genes that deviate from independent assortment are said to be in …
can reflect many different things, such as a genetic relationship between two loci, recent mixing of two populations (referred to as admixture), or a recent mutational event that produced a new variant in a population.

Answer 8

linkage disequilibrium

• can be used to provide information about the history or function of genes

Question 9

Genetic diversity in a population can be estimated by counting the number of ____________ in a population.

Answer 9

haplotypes

Question 10

which is a measure of the physical distance between two loci and can be measured by how likely the two alleles are to be passed down together from an individual.

Answer 10

linkage

Question 11

If there is a …. region of haplotype in linkage disequilibrium with a particular variant, that can be an indicator the the variant has recently appeared in the population by either mutation or gene flow.

Answer 11

long

• The length of a haplotype that is in linkage disequilibrium with a particular variant can be an indicator of how recently a variant has appeared in the population

Question 12

…. DNA can provide information about general ancestry.

Answer 12

Autosomal

Question 13

The …. and ….. sequences can be used to trace paternal and maternal lineage, respectively

Answer 13

Y chromosome (male to male transmission) 
mitochondrial DNA (passed down maternally, female to all children transmission)

Question 14

Different populations can have different carrier risk, and this can be estimated by the ….. model.
It is calculations of allele and genotype frequencies in a population.

Answer 14

hardy weinberg equilibrium model