Human Population

Question 1

factors affecting population distribution

Answer 1

• proximity to water
• altitude
• land masses

Question 2

MIC’s

Answer 2

• 5 billion people live in MIC’s
• 1/3 of global GDP produced there
• number of countries classed as MIC’s declining

Question 3

China case study

Answer 3

• 90% of the population lives on 30% of the land mass
• less than 4% of the population is on 50% of the land
• 160 million have left rural areas for urban ones

Question 4

south africa case study

Answer 4

• population decreases from south east to north west
• economic migration until 1950s
• apartheid forcibly relocated 4 million black people - led to widescale voluntarily migration after collapse of the system
• circular migration - worker moves repeatedly, frequently takes poorly paid and insecure jobs

Question 5

natural increase

Answer 5

Crude birth rate - crude death rate

Question 5

population momentum

Answer 5

tendency for population to grow despite a fall in birth rate or fertility levels

Question 6

doubling time

Answer 6

the number of years needed for a population to double in size

Question 7

total fertility rate

Answer 7

average number of births per 1000 women of childbearing age

Question 8

life expectancy

Answer 8

average number of years a person can be expected to live

Question 9

age pyramids

Answer 9

wide base - high birth rate
narrowing base - falling birth rate
concave slope - high death rate
bulges - suggests high rates of immigration

Question 10

forced migration

Answer 10

the movement of refugees and internally displaced people as well as people displaced by natural or environmental disasters

Question 11

refugees

Answer 11

a person unwilling to return due to a well founded fear of persecution

Question 12

asylum seeker

Answer 12

a person who left in search of protection in another country

Question 13

syria forced migration

Answer 13

• emergence of ISIS led to displacement of 10 million people
• began as a civil war
• in 2015, 1.4 million Syrian refugees in Lebanon
• most refugees depend on aid for survival

Question 14

japans aging population

Answer 14

• decrease in birth and death rates
• in 2015, 26% of population were aged over 65
• huge burden on pension funds and social welfare programs
• has caused
  trade deficit
  depletion of labour force
  deterioration of economy
  increased burden on working

Question 15

China’s one child policy

Answer 15

1979-2015
- prevented around 400 million births
- 118 male for every 100 female - male infants valued more
- fertility rate dropped to 1.6 births per woman
- eased food security
- caused shrinking labour force and growing aging population

Question 16

russian pro natalist policy

Answer 16

• due to low fertility for decades
• government tax between 1941 and 1990 rewarded for having 3rd or 4th child
• by 2006, fertility was 1.4
• putin introduced
  increase in pregnancy benefits
  increased parental leave
  increased payments to mothers of second and third children

Question 17

demographic dividend

Answer 17

a bulge in the number of adults in a population

Question 18

benefits of demographic dividend

Answer 18

• increased labour supply
• economic growth from decreasing dependency ratio
• decrease in fertility rate
• more resources invested into children

Question 19

ethiopia demographic dividend

Answer 19

• since 2000, infant and maternal mortality on the decline
• literacy doubled
• womens reproductive health improving
• contraceptive use increased 25% between 2000 and 2012
• TFR now 4.8 children per woman, down from 6.5
• more than 40% of pop still under 15 so still nearly two decades from a demographic dividend

Question 20

south korea demographic dividend

Answer 20

• rapidly transitioned to low fertility between 1960 and 1990
• success due to
  investing in reproductive health
  education
  economic policies
• fertility in 2005 was 1.2 children per women
• ## 97% of school age children were attending in 1990