Case Studies

Question 1

kyoto protocol

Answer 1

• 183 countries called for stabilisation of greenhouse gas emissions at safe levels
• aimed to cut emissions by 5%
• came into force by 2005
• within the agreement, countries had an allocated amount of CO2 they could emit

Question 2

economic growth in vietnam

Answer 2

• developed quickly from poorest to middle income country
• due to proximity with China
• Vietnamese government invested in development of education and trade
• Exports to
  US - 20%
  Japan - 10%
  South Korea - 5%

Question 3

food security in south africa

Answer 3

• maize and potato production in south africa will decline due to less rainfall and higher temperatures
• farmers have begun to diversify their crops, changing from flood irrigation to sprinkler irrigation
• water is limiting factor
• crops will be less productive due to changes in timing

Question 4

China - Human Population

Answer 4

• 90% of the population lives on 30% of the land mass
• less than 4% of the population is on 50% of the land
• 160 million have left rural areas for urban ones

Question 5

South Africa forced migration

Answer 5

• population decreases from south east to north west
• economic migration until 1950s
• apartheid forcibly relocated 4 million black people - led to widescale voluntarily migration after collapse of the system
• circular migration - worker moves repeatedly, frequently takes poorly paid and insecure jobs

Question 6

Syria forced migration

Answer 6

• emergence of ISIS led to displacement of 10 million people
• began as a civil war
• in 2015, 1.4 million Syrian refugees in Lebanon
• most refugees depend on aid for survival

Question 7

Japans aging population

Answer 7

• decrease in birth and death rates
• in 2015, 26% of population were aged over 65
• huge burden on pension funds and social welfare programs
• has caused
  trade deficit
  depletion of labour force
  deterioration of economy
  increased burden on working

Question 8

China’s one child policy

Answer 8

1979-2015
- prevented around 400 million births
- 118 male for every 100 female - male infants valued more
- fertility rate dropped to 1.6 births per woman
- eased food security
- caused shrinking labour force and growing aging population

Question 9

Russian pro natalist policy

Answer 9

• due to low fertility for decades
• government tax between 1941 and 1990 rewarded for having 3rd or 4th child
• by 2006, fertility was 1.4
• putin introduced
  increase in pregnancy benefits
  increased parental leave
  increased payments to mothers of second and third children

Question 10

ethiopia demographic dividend

Answer 10

• since 2000, infant and maternal mortality on the decline
• literacy doubled
• womens reproductive health improving
• contraceptive use increased 25% between 2000 and 2012
• TFR now 4.8 children per woman, down from 6.5
• more than 40% of pop still under 15 so still nearly two decades from a demographic dividend

Question 11

South Korea demographic dividend

Answer 11

• rapidly transitioned to low fertility between 1960 and 1990
• success due to
  investing in reproductive health
  education
  economic policies
• fertility in 2005 was 1.2 children per women
• 97% of school age children were attending in 1990

Question 12

USA

Answer 12

• 40% of global personal wealth
• large influence over intergovernmental organisations
• used military and intelligence services to interfere in over 50 countries since 1945