HUMAN POPULATION (1) : AP Environmental Exam Studying Flashcards
Key Population Facts
World Population: 7.5B
US Pop: 326 M
China pop: 1.4 B
India pop: 1.35 B
Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
average # of babies that a woman has in a lifetime
has declined drastically since 1950
Highest in DEVELOPING countries, lowest in DEVELOPED
Replacement level Fertility Rate (RFR)
How many children a woman needs to replace her and her spouse. Should be 2 but is slightly higher due to infant Mortality
Developed countries is 2.1, Developing countries is 2.5+
Crude Birth Rate/Crude Death Rate
of individuals born/dead per 1,000 per year
Demographic Momentum
Population increasing after TFR>RFR due to high pre-reproductive and reproductive individuals
Density Dependent Factors
competition, predation, parasitism
Density Independent Factors
weather, climate, volcanoes, fires, floods
Age structure diagram (or population pyramid)
two-sided histogram for males and females at different age groups. there are three general patterns for the diagrams: Rapidly Expanding , Population Decline , and Stable Population.
Age groups:
Pre-reproductive (0-14)
Reproductive age (15-44)
Post-reproductive (45+)
Rapidly Expanding [ Age structure diagram (or population pyramid) ]
BIG at bottom, SMALL at top
Population Decline [ Age structure diagram (or population pyramid) ]
LARGE at top, SMALL at bottom
Stable Population [ Age structure diagram (or population pyramid) ]
STEADY size throughout, a bit smaller on topP
PHASE 1: Pre-Industrial Stage
High CBR and CDR. Population stable.
PHASE 2: Transitional Stage
High CBR but decreasing CDR; rapid rise in human population; - most rapid rate of population increase
PHASE 3: Industrial Stage
Low CDR but increasing CBR ; Population still growing but the growth is slower. Heading towards stabilization
PHASE 4: Post-Industrial Stage
Low CBR and CDR. Population stabilized or in a decline
Population Change Equation
(CBR + I) - (CDR - E)
Doubling Time Equation
70 / Percent Change
Note: DO NOT change the percent to a decimal. just drop the % for the equation.
Indicators of a Population’s Health
- Life expectancy
- Infant Mortality
Help you tell the health at a glance
Factors Affecting Birth Rate
Need of children in workforce
Education in women
Importance of women in society
Access to birth control
Religious beliefs in birth control
Infant Mortality rate
Age of marriage/bearing first child
Factors Affecting Death Rate
Availability/affordability of healthcare
Availability of food
Weather, volcanoes, floods
Safe water supplies
Importance of urbanization
Providing family planning
Access to birth control and abortion
Providing education and work opportunities
Typical Population Control Strategy
INCENTIVES: through rewards, tax credits, subsidies
SANCTION: through penalties
Ex: China losing government subsidy
EDUCATION: family planning, birth control, condoms
