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Human physiology > human physiology > Flashcards

human physiology Flashcards

1
Q

T/F
signals transduction mechanism cannot be regulated by multiple neurotransmitters

A

false

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2
Q

-inhibits acetylcholinesterase in the postsynaptic membrane
-artificial
-results in overstimulation of postsynaptic cell

A

nerve gaas

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3
Q

T/F
second messenger systems affecting a channel may interact with each other

A

True

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4
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

rest and digest (long preganglionic fiber) *all neurotransmitters are acetylcholine

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5
Q

voltage regulate ion channels are located where?

A

primarily in axons (depolarization)

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6
Q

T/F
different receptor types operate by different signal transduction mechanisms and can have different even opposite effects on the postsynaptic mechanism they influence.

A

True

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7
Q

aid the body during stress by raising heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration.
-epinephrine has one more methyl group (CH3)

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

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8
Q

drugs that affect neural control of skeletal muscles

A
  1. Botulinum toxin
  2. Tetrodotoxin
  3. Nerve gas
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9
Q

-the number is not constant (varies up and down-regulation)
-the ability to respond to neurotransmitters may change
-possible variations are great
-provide mechanisms by which synaptic strength can be altered

A

neurotransmitter receptors

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10
Q

Path of presynaptic neuron

A
  1. action potentials conducted by axon
  2. opens voltage-gated Ca2+ channels
  3. Release of excitatory neurotransmitter
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11
Q

agonist

A

bind to receptor and activate it

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12
Q

—— and —— summation are important in determining the strength of depolarization stimulus at the initial segment of the axon and thereby the frequency of action potential production

A

spatial and temporal summation

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13
Q

T/F
Drugs act by interfering with or stimulating normal processes in neurons involved in neurotransmitter synthesis, storage, and release, and in receptor activation

A

True

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14
Q

ligand

A

neurotransmitter
* as a result of ligand binding to receptors, we can have chemicals gates open (sodium gates)

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15
Q

Neurons can ____ or _____

A

stimulate or inhibit

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16
Q

cholinergic

A

transmission of synapse (ACh only)

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17
Q

A great majority of drugs that act on the nervous system do so by altering ______ ________ and thus synaptic strength

A

synaptic mechanisms

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18
Q

What is the function of enzymes?

A

speed up chemical reactions by lowering activation energy

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19
Q

T/F
some sympathetic fibers release Ach

A

True

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20
Q

The activity of enzymes is affected

A

-temperature (optimal 98.6)
-pH (have an optimal pH- Acidic/Alkaline environment)
-cofactors (help)(metal ions)
-coenzymes (organic vitamins)
-some produce inactive forms
-Rate of enzyme reaction increases with either substrate or enzyme concentration

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21
Q

primary protein structure

A

sequence of amino acids

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22
Q

secondary and Tertiary protein structure

A

Alpha helix, beta pleated (protein folding)

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23
Q

Excitatory postsynaptic potential; a slight depolarization of a postsynaptic cell, bringing the membrane potential of that cell close to the threshold for an action potential

A

EPSP

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24
Q

Fat soluble vitamins

A

A, D, E, K
All dogs Eats Kibble or ADEK

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25
Q

Quaternary protein structure

A

protein come together

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26
Q

Adrenergic

A

norepinephrine and epinephrine

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27
Q

Factors that determine how fast action potential is

A

-the presence of a myelinated sheath
-Size/diameter of axon

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28
Q

2 categories of gated ion channels

A
  1. voltage regulated (found in the axon)
  2. Chemically regulated
29
Q

T/F
Many types and subtypes of receptors exist for each kind of neurotransmitters

A

True

30
Q

Antagonists

A

Binds to receptor and inhibit (Block) activation

31
Q

Inhibitory postsynaptic potential; a slight hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic cell, moving the membrane potential of that cell further from threshold

A

IPSP

32
Q

How can an inactivated enzyme be activated?

A

Phosphorylation (Kinase)
* Kinase may be inactive and require binding of Cyclic AMP in order to become activated.

33
Q

What are most enzymes?

A

proteins

34
Q

Tetrodotoxin

A
  • Blocked voltage-gated Na+ channels
    -origin= pufferfish
35
Q

optimal temperature for enzymes

A

37 degree

36
Q

autonomic neurons

A

A 2 neuron efferent (away from CNS) system

37
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

fight or flight (shorter preganglionic fiber)

38
Q

receptor desensitization

A

receptor responds normal at first, but eventually fails to responds

39
Q

Chemically regulated ion channels are located where?

A

Postsynaptic membrane (ligands)

40
Q

optimal pH for enzymes

A

optimal pH for pepsin (stomach enzyme) is 2
optimal pH for trypsin (intestinal enzymes) is 8

41
Q

Characteristic of a protein (enzyme)

A

-Have specific shapes (lock and Key mechanism)
-active site (where it fits) (enzymes substrate complex)

42
Q
  1. Opens chemically (ligand)
  2. Inward diffusion of Na+ causes depolarization
  3. Localized, decremental conduction of EPSP
  4. Opens voltage-gated Na+ and the K+ channels
  5. Conduction of axon potential
A

Path of postsynaptic neuron

43
Q

Botulinum toxin

A
  • inhibits the release of acetylcholine
  • produced by clostridium Botulinum (bacteria)
44
Q

levels of protein structure

A

primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary

45
Q

Voltage- regulated

A

channels open in response to dipolarization

46
Q

channels open in response to the binding of postsynaptic receptor proteins to their neurotransmitter ligand

A

chemically regulated (found in postsynaptic membrane)

47
Q

muscles construction require

A

calcium

48
Q

the heart sends ______ blood to the body and _____ to the lungs.

A

oxygenated, deoxygenated

49
Q

what are the two ways in which heart construction operates

A

Intrinsic regulation (100 beats per minute
Extrinsic regulation (nervous system/hormones)

50
Q

the heart beats

A

60 to 70 times/hour

51
Q

intrinsic
extrinsic

A

internal control
regulates the heart

52
Q

sympathetic will ____ contraction and parasympathetic will_____ contraction

A

increase, decrease

53
Q

The right side of the heart is ____ and the left side is ____

A

tricuspid, bicuspid

54
Q

The conduction system of the heart (Action potential through there)
The ____ sends signals to the _____. From there it goes to the _____, to the right, and left ___ to the ____

A

sinoatrial node (SA node), AV node, bundle of His, bundle of branches, Purkinje fiber.

55
Q

sympathetic and parasympathetic both innervate the

A

SA node

56
Q

diastole means

A

heart relax

57
Q

systole means

A

heart contracts

58
Q

is a slow spontaneous depolarization

A

pace maker

59
Q

sarcoplasmic reticulum stores

A

calcium

60
Q

______ also sarcoplasmic reticulum. Calcium muscles present in and out of the cell.

A

cardiac muscle (not that fast) autonomic (somatic control)

61
Q

Skeletal muscle (voluntary) contraction has a lot of _____. Very quick (faster than cardiac/smooth muscle)

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum
only find in the cell

62
Q

almost all the calcium comes from outside the cell (extracellular source)

A

smooth muscle (slow)

63
Q

the heart has no ____.(only pace maker potentials and action)

A

resting membrane potential

64
Q

opens during hyperpolarization channels.

A

HCN channels

65
Q

the threshold in the heart is

A
  • 40 mV (negative inside)
66
Q

when we reached the threshold

A

voltage-gated calcium channels opens

67
Q

In the heart calcium induces

A

calcium release

68
Q

2 places to get calcium release is the

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum and outside the cell

69
Q

Calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum causes _____ and repolarization is then produced by the opening of______

A

calcium muscle contraction
voltage-gated channels

Human physiology (2 decks)

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