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Human physiology > exam > Flashcards

exam Flashcards

1
Q

the pacemaker potential occurs during

A

diastole

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2
Q

diastole

A

relaxation/resting peroid of heart

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3
Q

diastole

A

relaxation/resting period of heart

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4
Q

systole

A

contraction of the heart

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5
Q
  1. SA node (pacemaker)
  2. AV node
  3. bundle of His
  4. R & L bundle branches
  5. Purkinjie fibers
A

conduction system of the heart

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6
Q
  • pacemaker of the heart
    -sends signals to AV
    -located in R atrium near the superior vena cava
    -parasympathetic & sympathetic
A

SA node

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7
Q

pacemaker potential

A

slow, spontaneous depolarization

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8
Q

SA nodes do not have

A

a maintained RMP

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9
Q
  • Resting membrane Potential = -85mV
    -long phase (slow) (200-300ms)
    -plateau phase
  • no summation or tetanus
A

Myocardial action potential

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10
Q

Source of calcium in muscle

A
  • sarcoplasmic reticulum
  • extracellular fluid
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11
Q

sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

stores calcium in muscle cells

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12
Q
  • fast
  • all Ca2+ comes from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
    -somatic (voluntary)
  • striated, nuclei pushed to edges
A

skeletal

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13
Q

-Ca2+ comes from the sarcoplasmic reticulum and out of the cell
-autonomic (involuntary)
-striated, nuclei scattered, intercalated disks, branching

A

cardiac muscle

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14
Q

-almost all Ca2+ comes extracellular
-autonomic (involuntary) (slowest)

A

smooth muscle

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15
Q

Main differences between skeletal and cardiac muscle

A

cardiac branches and has intercalated disks (gap junction)

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16
Q

HCN channels

A

open in response to hyperpolarization

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17
Q

HCN channels (broken down)

A

H: hyperpolarization
CN: cyclic nucleotide (AMP)

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18
Q

threshold in heart

A

-40mV

19
Q

once the heart reached the threshold…..

A

opens voltage regulated Ca2+ channels

20
Q

calcium induced

A

calcium released

21
Q

calcium from sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

causes muscle contractions

22
Q

repolarization occurs (in heart)

A

with the opening of voltage-gated potassium channels

23
Q

plateau phase

A

caused by slow calcium channels
potassium gives plateau
correlated to S-T segment

24
Q

summation or tetanus is prevented by?

A

long refractory period

25
Q

A recording of the electrical activity of the heart

A

ECG/EKG (electrocardiogram)

26
Q

ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization

A

QRS complex

27
Q

T wave

A

ventricular repolarization

28
Q

bipolar leads

A

Lead I, II, III (R&L wrist, L ankle)

29
Q

thick middle muscle layer of the heart

A

Myocardium

30
Q

membrane surrounding the heart

A

Pericardial sac

31
Q

volume of blood in each ventricle at end of ventricular diastole

A

End diastolic volume (EDV)

32
Q

volume of blood remaining in each ventricle after systole

A

end-systolic volume (ESV)

33
Q

the volume of blood pumped forward with each ventricular contraction
SV=EDV-ESV

A

stroke volume

34
Q

what is the most important factor in examination of a single cardiac cycle?

A

Stroke volume

35
Q
  • the amount of blood pumped in 1 minute (mL/min)
  • an indication of blood flow through peripheral tissue (blood)
  • provides information about ventricular efficiency
A

cardiac input

36
Q

what does cardiac output provide?

A

information about ventricular efficiency.

37
Q

cardiac output can be adjusted by

A

changes in either stroke volume or heart rate

38
Q

says the greater the volume of blood within the ventricle the greater the force of contraction

A

Frank Sterling Law (of the Heart)

39
Q

systolic pressure

A

1st of Korotkoff occurs when the cuff pressures120

40
Q

diastolic pressures

A

last sound of Korotkoff
is heard when the pressure 80

41
Q

pressure forcing blood into tissues averaged over the cardiac cycle
MAP = diastolic pressure +1/3 pulse pressure

A

Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)

42
Q

difference between systolic and diastolic pressure
=systolic pressure-diastolic pressure

A

pulse pressure

43
Q

the primary reflex pathway for homeostatic control of blood pressure

A

baroreceptor

44
Q

Baroreceptors consist of

A
  1. Sensors: aortic arch and carotid sinus baroreceptor
  2. Control center: vasomotor cardiac control centers of medulla oblongata
  3. Effectors: parasympathetic and sympathetic axons to heart and blood vessels

Human physiology (2 decks)

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