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Human Physiology + Cell and Molec Bio > Human phys III > Flashcards

Human phys III Flashcards

1
Q

Blood pressure

A

force exerted by blood against vessel wall

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2
Q

Variance in pressure of the left ventricle

A

0 to 120 over and over

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3
Q

What are the two major functions of arteries

A

rapid blood transit and pressure resevoire

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4
Q

What vessels are elastic and what causes this?

A

arteries, elastin

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5
Q

What is the major site of resistance? What regulates arterial blood pressure

A

arterioles

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6
Q

What is vascular tone?

A

The state of partial-contraction that arterioles are constantly in

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7
Q

how does the body regulate the radius of vessels?

A

vaso- DILATION and -CONSTRICTION

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8
Q

Active hyperemia

A

increased blood flow due to tissue activity

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9
Q

Reactive hyperemia

A

increased blood flow due to Complete occlusion of blood supply

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10
Q

What is histamine release

A

release of histamines and inflammatory cytokines in response to injury

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11
Q

Myogenic response

A

the body trying to maintain constant rate of blood flow via autoregulation

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12
Q

Shear stress

A

frictional force on endothelial cells from blood flow, when too high nitric oxide is released to relieve it

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13
Q

what effect does temp have on vessels

A

cold constricts and heat relaxes (dilation)

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14
Q

neural control

A

norepinephrine release via sympathetic nervous system to cause vasoconstriction

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15
Q

What caused vasoconstriction? (mechanism)

A

norepinephrine activates alpha receptors

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16
Q

Can intrinsic control override extrinsic?

A

yea

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17
Q

What do vasopressin and angiotensin II do>?

A

regulate water:salt and cause vasoconstriction in cases of hemorrhaging

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18
Q

What is mean arterial pressure from?

A

flow * resistance

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19
Q

What is cardiac output from (equation)

A

Heart rate * stroke volume

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20
Q

What do baroreceptors do>?

A

detect changes in Blood pressure and stimulate responses in response

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21
Q

What is extrinsic control?

A

control over blood flow outside of specific tissues

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22
Q

What are short term responses for blood pressure?

A

happens within seconds: adjustments in Cardiac output, and Total peripheral resistance via autonomic nervous system regulation

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23
Q

What are long term responses for blood pressure?

A

minutes/days: blood volume via salt:water and urinating and thirst responses

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24
Q

Baroreceptor reflex arc

A

sense stretch -> afferent neurons -> cardiovascular control within the center of the brain stem -> efferent neurons in the ANS -> change in CO TPR

25
normal BP
120/80
26
hyper and hypotension
above 140/90 below 90/60
27
hypertension leads to afterload leading to...
ventricular hypertrophy and then systolic heart failure
28
Hypotension leads to... (3)
circulatory shock then inadequate resources for cells then organs breaking down :[]
29
4 steps to external respiration
breathing -> exchange of 02 and CO2 -> blood transports 02 and CO2 b/w lungs and tissue -> O2 and CO2 exchange
30
what tissues do o2 and CO2 exchange happen? Both the first time and second time in breathing
alveoli and blood in pulmonary capillaries tissue and blood via diffusion (>?)
31
non-respiratory functions of breathing
dissipates excess heat , maintains pH by exhaling CO2 , speech , defense against airborne pathogens , smell
32
anatomical structures air goes thu
Nasal passageways -> pharynx -> trachea -> bronchi -> bronchioles -> terminal bronchioles -> alveolar ducts -> alveoli
33
what are alveoli
site of gas exchange encircles by pulmonary capillaries thin walled balls
34
% ratios of alveolar cells
95% are type 1, the other 5% are type II (secrete pulmonary surfactant to lower surface tension)
35
what is an example of a defense against airborne pathogens
specialized pulmonary alveolar macrophages in lungs
36
What separates each lung from the thoracic wall and what does it produce? What's its inside called?
Pleural sac :> inside is pleural cavity. surface secretes intrapleural fluid to lubricate
37
What are the three driving forces of airflow
atmospheric pressure (760mmHg) intra alveolar pressure (^) intra-pleural pressure (slightly lowers)
38
What does the transmural pressure gradient do?
net outward pressure on lungs. Makes sure lungs are always expanded (pressure slightly lower than intra alveolar pressure)
39
What is the mechanics of inspiration and expiration
when intra-alveolar pressure is less than and larger than atmospheric pressure
40
Basics of Boyle's Law
pressure and volume have an inverse relationship
41
3 major inspiratory muscles
diaphragm external intercostal muscles accessory muscles
42
what innervates the diaphram?
phrenic nerve yo
43
Expiratory mechanics
inspiratory muscles relax and our thoracic cavity shrinks, increasing pressure and causing us to breathe out we can use expiratory muscles to contract further
44
what % of body energy is used on ventilation
3
45
Tidal volume and vital capacity
volume of air entering and leaving lungs in a single breath max volume of above
46
Vital capacity equation
inspiratory reserve volume + TV + expiratory reserve volume
47
Obstructive lung disease and restrictive lung disease
limits exhale and limits inhale
48
How does CO2 affect bronchiolar smooth muscle? How does O2 influence arteriolar smooth muscle?
it causes it to contract it causes it to relax
49
Daltons law of partial pressures
total pressure is equal to the sum of all other pressures
50
Why is alveolar pressure lower than atmospheric pressure?
1 -- alveolar air is humidified and lowers the pp pf O2 2 -- fresh air combines with w used air
51
How is oxygen transported?
dissolves into the plasma and is bound to hemoglobin so it doesn't count toward the PO2
52
O2 capacity and content
max amount of air that can be bound to saturated Hb in blood and how much actually is in blood at a given time
53
Law of mass action
more reactant = more product
54
Why is the O2 - Hb dissociation curve important?
it shows that while PO2 increases it increases saturation but doesn't affect O2 carry capacity
55
3 ways CO2 is transported
physically dissolved (10%) bound to hemoglobin (30%) As bicarbonate (60%) (via chloride shift and via carbonic anhydrase)
56
Haldane and Bohr effect
as oxygen unloads, there is an increased affinity for H+ and Co2 as CO2 and H+ bind it lowers the affinity for O2 (causing more O2 to be released)
57
2 steps of Neuronal control of respiration
alternating inspiration and expiration rhythm magnitude of ventilation to match body needs
58

Human Physiology + Cell and Molec Bio (8 decks)

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