Human Phisiology Flashcards
1
Q
Cover body services and line organs
A
Epithelial tissue
2
Q
Binds and supports other tissues
A
Connective tissue
3
Q
Tissue under skin
A
Loose connective tissue
4
Q
Fat tissue
A
Adipose tissue
5
Q
Tendon and ligament tissue
A
Fibrous connective tissue
6
Q
The tissue found in the bones
A
Bone tissue
7
Q
Cells in extracellular matrix
A
Blood tissue
8
Q
Other two types of body tissue
A
Nerve and muscle tissue
9
Q
System that processes food
A
Digestive system
10
Q
System that deals with gas exchange
A
Respiratory system
11
Q
System transports nutrients wastes
A
Circulatory system
12
Q
System that deals with protection
A
Immune system
13
Q
System that deals with the coordination of body functions
A
Endocrine system
14
Q
System that deals with the detection and response to stmuli
A
Nervous system
15
Q
System that deals with structure, support and blood cell production
A
Skeletal system
16
Q
System that deals with movement and protection
A
Muscular system
17
Q
System that deals with carrying on genetic code to the next generation
A
Reproductive system
18
Q
System that deals with protection and keep the body from drying out
A
Integumentary system
19
Q
The four steps of the digestive system is to____?
A
Ingest
Digest
Absorb
Eliminate
20
Q
The organs included in the digestive system are_____?
A
Mouth Esophagus Stomach Small intestine Large intestine Rectum Anus
21
Q
Type of digestion that takes place with the teeth, peristalsis in stomach, and the intestine
A
Mechanical digestion
22
Q
Type of digestion that has acids and enzymes convert food into Acid chime which is released into small intestine
A
Chemical digestion
23
Q
Made up of hydrogen chloride, mucus, and inactive pepsin called pepsinogen which digests proteins; hydrogen chloride converts inactive pepsinogen into active pepsin and the mucus protects the lining of the stomach.
A
Gastric juice
24
Q
First 20 to 25 cm duodenum where nutrient absorption and most chemical digestion take place
A
Small intestine
25
Secretes digestive enzymes and alkaline solution to neutralize acid chime
Pancreas
26
Secretes bile, stored in gallbladder, breaks down fats
Liver
27
Projections in intestine, highly vascularized, helps absorb nutrients into blood
Villi and microvillous
28
Consolidates waste, removes water, bacteria synthesize vitamin K
Large intestine
29
Organic nutrients that are obtained through diet; important as coenzymes
Vitamins
30
Inorganic nutrients we obtain from diet; usually only needed small amounts; essential in some enzymes, for proper cell function, and as a component or precursor for many compounds
Minerals
31
The main component of the human respiratory system
Lungs
32
Order organs used in the respiratory system
```
Nose/mouth
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli
```
33
Contraction of this allows for air movement
Diaphragm
34
The diaphragm contracts and moves down during
Inhalation
35
The diaphragm relaxes and moves up during
Exhalation
36
What parts in the brain help control breathing
The pons and medulla oblongata
37
What other things in the body help control breathing
pH levels in the blood
38
Whenever excess oxygen detected in carotid and aorta stops sending nerve impulse to rib muscles and diaphragm.
Hyperventilation
39
Do humans have open or closed circulatory system
Closed
40
Carry blood away from the heart
Arteries
41
Carry blood towards the heart
Veins
42
Region of nutrients/waste exchange with the cells
Capillaries
43
Small branches of arteries that lead to capillaries
Arterioles
44
Small veins that converge to form veins
Venules
45
Humans have what kind of circuit
Double circuit
46
The circuit dealing with the heart and lungs
Pulmonary circuit
47
The circuit dealing with the heart and the remainder of the body
Systemic circuit
48
What's the order of the parts of the body that the blood goes to
```
Body
Superior and inferior Vena cava
Right atrium
Right ventricle
Pulmonary artery
Lungs
Pulmonary vein
Left atrium
Left ventricle
Aorta
Body
```
49
Type of heart problem that causes myocardial infraction; heart attack, blood flow to the heart muscle is interrupted
MI
50
Type of heart problem with plaque buildup in coronary arteries
Atherosclerosis
51
What causes atherosclerosis
```
It can be
genetic
Diet
Smoking
Stress
Being inactive
```
52
Globular protein in blood of most vertebrates, contains iron, binds and carries carbon dioxide and oxygen
Hemoglobin
53
CO2 is converted into what in the blood
Bicarbonate ion
54
How many oxygen molecules can one hemoglobin molecule carry
Four
55
What does the blood do
Carries nutrients, waste, cells
Regulates the body temperature
Stabilizes pH
56
Part of the heart that receives blood not as muscular
Top atria
57
Part of the heart that pumps blood, very muscular
Bottom ventricle
58
Does the right side of high or low oxygen content
Low
59
Does the left side of the heart have high or low oxygen content
High
60
Condition of heart whenever it is relaxed and blood flows into all chambers
Diastole
61
Condition of the heart whenever It pumps and begins filling atria.
Systole
62
Type of pacemaker found in the upper portion of the right atrium
Sinoatrial node
63
Type of pacemaker found in the wall between right atrium and right ventricle
Atrioventricular node
64
What hormone determines the rate of the heart
Epinephrine
65
What makes up 55% of the blood
Plasma
66
What is plasma Made of
Mostly H2O
Minerals
Nutrients
67
Red blood cells are this type of cell
Erythrocytes
68
White blood cells of this type of cell
Leukocytes
69
Histamine producers
Basophils
70
Combat parasites
Eosinophils
71
Most numerous, phagocyteic
Neutrophils
72
T cells and B cells
Lymphocytes
73
Lead to macrophage, phagocytic
Monocytes
74
Aid in clotting of blood
Platelets
75
Cells found in long bones red bone marrow and spleen; the cells have not differentiated into what particular cell they will be; potential for variety of medical treatments
Stem cell
76
Part of the immune system that's nonspecific; it's the first line of protection
Innate immunity
77
Neutrophils, monocytes and macrophage
Phagocyte cells
78
Cells that fight cancer and viruses
Natural killer cells
79
Proteins produced by cells to fight a virus
Interferons
80
Blood proteins that work like a domino effect where one protein binds and activates another
Complement
81
Any foreign material that can stimulate immune response
Antigen
82
Protein produced by B cells that specifically recognize a particular antigen and aid in immune response have Fc regions that attach to cells and antigen binding regions that specifically attach to antigen
Anti-body
83
Part of the immune system that is specific, mount after exposure; Can be achieved after exposure to antigen either naturally or via vaccination
Acquired immunity
84
Acquired immunity where your system fights back
Active Acquired immunity
85
Acquired immunity usually given form of gamma globulin
Passive acquired immunity
86
Develop from bone marrow and differentiate Into B cells and T cells
Lymphocytes
87
B cells are found in the
Bone
88
T cell are found in the
Thymus gland
89
Type of T cells that attack specific infected body cells
Cytotoxic T cells
90
Type a T cells that activate other cells that are responsible for clearing infection/infected cells
Helper T cells
91
Type of immunity developed by B cells
Humoral immunity
92
Type of immunity produced by T cells which fight infected cells or cancers
So meditated immunity
93
Organs of the lymphatic system consists of
```
Vessels
Nodes
Spleen
Appendix
Adenoids
Thymus
Bone marrow
```
94
What's the main function of the lymphatic system
To find infection and return fluid to circulatory system
95
What happens in the lymphatic system when an antigen has been detected
The antigen is carried in lymph fluids to lymphatic organs where they are exposed to macrophage and other immune cells/components to be destroyed
96
What happens in an autoimmune disorder
Your body recognizes itself as a foreign object causing an all out immune response
97
What happens in an allergy
The body immune system overreacts and antigen; it can be deadly
98
What is the main thing dealing with the endocrine system
Hormones
99
A protein that carries chemical signals through blood
Hormone
100
Protein that carries chemical signal from nerve cells to nerve cells
Nero transmitter
101
Can someone hormones serve as neurotransmitters as well
Yes
102
Gland that produces the growth hormone, Follicle-stimulating hormone, Sperm production, And the ovary/testy stimulation hormone
Pituitary gland
103
The gland that contains estrogen and progesterone
Ovaries
104
Hormone that calls for uterine lining and secondary sex characteristics
Estrogen
105
Hormone that calls for uterine lining growth
Progesterone
106
Gland that secretes androgens
Testes
107
Hormone that causes sperm formation and secondary sex characteristics
Androgens
108
Gland secretes the hormone epinephrine
Adrenal glands
109
Hormone that constricts blood vessels and increases metabolism
Epinephrine
110
Gland that secretes thyroxine and calcitonin
Thyroid
111
Hormone that controls metabolism
Thyroxine
112
Hormone that lowers blood calcium levels
Calcitonin
113
Gland that secretes parathyroid hormone
Parathyroid
114
Hormone that raises blood calcium level
Parathyroid hormone
115
Gland that secretes insulin and glucagon
Pancreas
116
Hormone that lowers glucose levels in blood
Insulin
117
Hormone that raises glucose levels in the blood
Glucagon
118
Insulin is to glucagon as calcitonin is to what
Parathyroid hormone
119
Organs involved in excretory system are
Liver
Kidney
Lung
Skin
120
Location of sperm production
Testes
121
Tubes that carry sperm and seminal fluid to urethra
Vas deferens
122
Organ that produces fluid to feed sperm
Seminal vesicle
123
Organ that produces thin fluid to feed sperm
Prostate
124
Organ that contains urethra and aids in transfer of the semen from male into female system during sexual reproduction
Penis
125
Sac-like organ that holds testes
Scrotum
126
Produces eggs
Ovaries
127
Oviducts, connect ovary to uterus
Fallopian tubes
128
Location of fetus development
Uterus
129
Connects uterus to outside of body
Vagina
130
Neck if uterus that opens into vagina
Cervix
131
All eggs are suspended in what until puberty
Meiosis 1
132
The process of an egg maturing
Oogenesis
133
The process of making sperm
Spermatogenesis
134
What is formed when sperm and egg fuse to form a diploid cell
Zygote
135
Rapid cell division producing a ball of cells
Cleavage
136
Hollow ball of cells that forms after cleavage; hollow center is blastocoel
Blastula
137
Process were blastula transforms into a ball of cells that forms three distinct tissue layers
Gastrulation
138
What are the three distinct tissue layers in gastrulation
Ectoderm
Endoderm
Mesoderm
139
Occurs after gastrulation; cells specialize and continue to divide; formation of notochord and neural tube
Organ formation
140
Hormones that are responsible for the birthing process are
Estrogen
Oxytocin
Prostaglandins
141
Produced in ovaries; causes uterus to increase ability to recognize oxytocin
Estrogen
142
Stimulates contraction uterus; causes Placentia to produce prostaglandins
Oxytocin
143
Stimulates uterus to contract
Prostaglandins
144
The three parts of the birthing process are
Dilation
Expulsion
Afterbirth
145
Opening of the cervix
Dilation
146
Fetuses pushed out of uterus
Expulsion
147
Placenta is pushed out after child is born
Afterbirth
148
What are the four steps of the nervous system
Sensory
Stimuli
Process
Respond
149
What makes the central nervous system
The brain and spinal cord
150
Nerves that connect the central nervous system to specific cells
Motor nerves
151
Nerves that's connect specific cells to the central nervous system
Sensory nerves
152
Nerve cell; functional unit of nervous system
Neuron
153
Gap between the axon of one nerve and the dendrites of another
Synapse
154
Structure formed on axon when it is coated with Myelin forming a structure like a group of beads on and chain
Schwann cell
155
Space found between two Schwann cells located where nerve impulses give me pass along neuron
Notes of ranvier
156
What is the order that the impulses go through
Dendrite
Cell body
Axon
Synapse
157
Part of the peripheral nervous system that carry signals to and from skeletal muscles
Somatic nervous system
158
Part of the peripheral nervous system that controls internal smooth muscle tissue; three divisions
Autonomic nervous system
159
Part of the autonomic nervous system that is responsible for fight or flight
Sympathetic
160
Part of the autonomic nervous system that stimulates digestive glands and other internal organs
Parasympathetic
161
Part of the autonomic nervous system that is responsible for digestive; bladder
Enteric
162
Part of the hindbrain that controls breathing rate and feedback system
Pons
163
Part of the the hindbrain that controls breathing rate, circulatory rate, and digestion
Medulla oblongata
164
Data receiving center sends signals to rest the brain
Midbrain
165
Part of the forebrain that controls memory, learning and speech
Cerebrum
166
Part of the forebrain that controls data receiving center and location of motor impulse sending
Thalamus
167
Part of the forebrain that controls homeostasis throughout the body and regulates pituitary gland
Hypothalamus
168
In the brain mainly made up of axons
White matter
169
In the brain mainly made up of nerve bodies dendrites
Gray matter
170
connective tissue that surrounds brain and spinal cord
Mininges
171
What happens in an impulse
The sodium potassium pump takes place and an electrical gradient is needed
172
What is the neuron like at rest
The outside is positive and the inside is negative
173
What rushes in during an impulse
Sodium ions
174
What diffuses out of the neuron during an impulse
Potassium ions
175
And impulse occurs in how long
1-2 milliseconds
176
A neurotransmitter that effects skeletal muscle contraction and slows down cardiac muscle
Acetylcholine
177
Hormone and neurotransmitter that sometimes is calling adrenaline
Epinephrine
178
A neurotransmitter that affects sleep and mood
Serotonin and dopamine
179
The type of muscle in the internal organs; involuntary
Smooth muscle
180
Type of muscle found in the skeletal system; voluntary
Striated muscle
181
The type of muscle found in the heart; involuntary
Cardiac muscle
182
Type of myofibril that is thick
Myosin
183
Type of myofibril that is thin
Actin
184
Repeating units of actin and myosin; form striations on tissue
Sarcomere
185
What are the functions of the skeletal system
Movement
Attachment
Protection
Blood cell production
186
Bones that include skull, vertebrae and ribcage
Axial skeleton
187
Bones that include arms, pelvis and legs
Appendicular skeleton
188
Point where two bones meet; allow for movement
Joints
189
Connective tissue that attaches bones at joints
Ligaments
190
Connective tissue at the end of bones; cushions and reduces wear and tear on bones
Cartilage
191
Found out the ends and outside of bone; very dense
Compact bone
192
Highly vascularized; collagen embedded to allow for flexibility
Spongy bone
193
Marrow that stores fat tissue
Yellow marrow
194
Marrow that is the location of blood cell production
Red marrow
195
Are bones living tissue
Yes
196
What does the integumentary system do
Protects
Removes waste
Has sensory receptors
197
Outer layer of skin, mostly dead cells
Epidermis
198
Found under epidermis; blood vessels, sensory receptor, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, and hair follicles all found here
Dermis
199
Mainly protein keratin; only living cells in follicle of hair and nail bed bed of nails
Hair and nails
200
List the five sensory organs
```
Eyes
Ears
Skin
Olifactory (smell)
Taste
```
201
People who can see thins far away but not close
Farsighted
202
Condition where people see objects
Nearsighted
203
Poor vision due to problems with shape of cornea or lense
Astigmatism
204
What is the order of the human ear
```
Pinna
Auditory canal
Tympanic membrane
Malleus
Incus
Stapes
Cochlea
Auditory nerve
Brain
```
205
On tongue and in nasal passages bind to specific molecules and send messages to brain
Chemoreceptors
