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PPL Theory > Human Performance and Limitations > Flashcards

Human Performance and Limitations Flashcards

1
Q

The majority of aviation accidents are caused by… (1,00 P.)

 technical failure.
 meteorological influences.
 geographical influences.
 human failure.

A

human failure.

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2
Q

The “swiss cheese model” can be used to explain the… (1,00 P.)

 error chain.
 procedure for an emergency landing.
 optimal problem solution.
 state of readiness of a pilot.

A

error chain.

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3
Q

What is the percentage of oxygen in the atmosphere at 6000 ft? (1,00 P.)

 21%
 12%
 78%
 18.9%

A

21%

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4
Q

What is the percentage of nitrogen in the atmosphere? (1,00 P.)

1%
 21%
 78%
 0.1%

A

78%

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5
Q

At which altitude is the atmospheric pressure approximately half the MSL value (1013 hPa)? (1,00 P.)

 18000 ft
 5000 ft
 10000 ft
 22000 ft

A

18000 ft

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6
Q

Air consists of oxygen, nitrogen and other gases.

What is the approximate percentage of other gases? (1,00 P.)

 0.1%
 78%
 1%
 21%

A

1%

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7
Q

Carbon monoxide poisoning can be caused by… (1,00 P.)

 little sleep.
 alcohol.
 smoking.
 unhealthy food.

A

smoking.

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8
Q

What does the term “Red-out” mean? (1,00 P.)

 “Red vision” during negative g-loads
 Rash during decompression sickness
 Anaemia caused by an injury
 Falsified colour perception during sunrise and sunset

A

“Red vision” during negative g-loads

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9
Q

Carbon monoxide poisoning can be caused by… (1,00 P.)

 fuel or hydraulic fluids.
 generator failure.
 cracks in the heat exchanger.
 Pitot icing.

A

cracks in the heat exchanger.

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10
Q

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of hyperventilaton? (1,00 P.)

 Cyanose
 Tingling
 Spasm
 Disturbance of consciousness

A

Cyanose

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11
Q

Which of the following symptoms may indicate hypoxia? (1,00 P.)

 Joint pain in knees and feet
 Muscle cramps in the upper body area
 Blue discolouration of lips and fingernails
 Blue marks all over the body

A

Blue discolouration of lips and fingernails

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12
Q

Which of the human senses is most influenced by hypoxia? (1,00 P.)

 The oltfactory perception (smell)
 The tactile perception (sense of touch)
 The auditory perception (hearing)
 The visual perception (vision)

A

The visual perception (vision)

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13
Q

From which altitude on does the body usually react to the decreasing atmospheric pressure? (1,00 P.)

 2000 feet
 7000 feet
 10000 feet
 12000 feet

A

7000 feet

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14
Q

Which altitude marks the lower limit where the the body is unable to completely compensate the effects of the low atmospheric pressure? (1,00 P.)

 12000 feet
 22000 feet
 5000 feet
 7000 feet

A

12000 feet

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15
Q

What is the function of the red blood cells (erythrocytes)? (1,00 P.)

 Oxygen transport
 Blood coagulation
 Immune defense
 Blood sugar regulatio

A

Oxygen transport

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16
Q

Which of the following is responsible for the blood coagulation? (1,00 P.)

 Red blood cells (erythrocytes)
 Capillaries of the arteries
 White blood cells (leucocytes)
 Blood plates (thrombocytes)

A

Blood plates (thrombocytes)

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17
Q

What is the function of the white blood cells (leucocytes)? (1,00 P.)

 Oxygen transport
 Blood coagulation
 Blood sugar regulation
 Immune defense

A

Immune defense

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18
Q

What is the function of the blood platelets (thrombocytes)? (1,00 P.)

 Immune defense
 Blood coagulation
 Blood sugar regulation
 Oxygen transport

A

Blood coagulation

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19
Q

Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for hypoxia? (1,00 P.)

 Smoking
 Menstruation
 Blood donation
 Diving

A

Diving

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20
Q

Anemic hypoxia can be caused by… (1,00 P.)

 carbon monoxide poisoning.
 low pressure.
 high altitudes.
 alcohol.

A

carbon monoxide poisoning.

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21
Q

What is an appropriate reaction when a passenger during cruise flight suddenly feels uncomfortable? (1,00 P.)

 Adjust cabin temperature and prevent excessive bank
 Give additional oxygen and avoid low load factors
 Avoid conversation and choose a higher airspeed
 Switch on the heater blower and provide thermal blankets

A

Adjust cabin temperature and prevent excessive bank

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22
Q

What ist the correct term for an involuntary and stereotypical reaction of an organism to the stimulation of a receptor? (1,00 P.)

 Reduction
 Virulence
 Coherence
 Reflex

A

Reflex

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23
Q

What is the correct term for the system which, among others, controls breathing, digestion, and heart frequency? (1,00 P.)

 Critical nervous system
 Autonomic nervous system
 Automatical nervous system
 Compliant nervous system

A

Autonomic nervous system

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24
Q

What is the parallax error? (1,00 P.)

 Long-sightedness due to aging especially during night
 Wrong interpretation of instruments caused by the angle of vision
 Misperception of speed during taxiing
 A decoding error in communication between pilots

A

Wrong interpretation of instruments caused by the angle of vision

25
Q

25 Which characteristic is important when choosing sunglasses used by pilots? (1,00 P.)

 Non-polarised
 No UV filter
 Curved sidepiece
 Unbreakable

A

Non-polarised

26
Q

Which part of the visual system is responsible for colour vision? (1,00 P.)

 Cones
 Rods
 Macula
 Blind spot

A

Cones

27
Q

The connection between middle ear and nose and throat region is called… (1,00 P.)

 eardrum.
 cochlea.
 inner ear.
 eustachian tube.

A

eustachian tube.

28
Q

In which situation is it NOT possible to achieve a pressure compensation between the middle ear and the environment? (1,00 P.)

 During a light and slow climb
 All windows are completely closed
 Breathing takes place using the mouth only
 The eustachien tube is blocked

A

The eustachien tube is blocked

29
Q

In which situation is it NOT possible to achieve a pressure compensation between the middle ear and the environment? (1,00 P.)
 During a light and slow climb
 All windows are completely closed
 Breathing takes place using the mouth only
 The eustachien tube is blocked

A
30
Q

Wings level after a longer period of turning can lead to the impression of… (1,00 P.)

 starting a descent.
 starting a climb.
 steady turning in the same direction as before.
 turning into the opposite direction.

A

turning into the opposite direction.

31
Q

Which of the following options does NOT stimulate motion sickness (disorientation)? (1,00 P.)

 Head movements during turns
 Flying under the influence of alcohol
 Non-accelerated straight and level flight
 Turbulence in level flight

A

Non-accelerated straight and level flight

32
Q

An acceleration during a straight horizontal flight can lead to the illusion of… (1,00 P.)

 a descent.
 a climb.
 an inverted flight.
 a bank.

A

a climb.

33
Q

A deceleration during a straight horizontal flight can lead to the illusion of… (1,00 P.)

 a climb.
 a descent.
 a bank.
 an inverted flight.

A

a descent.

34
Q

Which optical illusion might be caused by a runway with an upslope during the approach? (1,00 P.)

 The pilot has the feeling that the approach is too fast
and reduces the speed below the normal approach speed
 The pilot has the feeling that the approach is too high and therefore descents below the regular glide slope
 The pilot has the feeling that the approach is too slow and speeds up above the normal approach speed
 The pilot has the feeling that the approach is too low
and therefore approaches the runway above the regular glide slope

A

The pilot has the feeling that the approach is too high and therefore descents below the regular glide slope

35
Q

What impression may be caused when approaching a runway with an upslope? (1,00 P.)

 A landing beside the centerline
 A hard landing
 An undershoot
 An overshoot

A

An overshoot

36
Q

The occurence of a vertigo is most likely when moving the head… (1,00 P.)

 during a straight horizontal flight.
 during a turn.
 during a descent.
 during a climb.

A

during a turn.

37
Q

A Grey-out is the result of… (1,00 P.)

 hypoxia.
 tiredness.
 positive g-forces.
 hyperventilation.

A

positive g-forces.

38
Q

Visual illusions are mostly caused by… (1,00 P.)

 rapid eye movements.
 misinterpretation of the brain.
 colour blindness.
 binocular vision.

A

misinterpretation of the brain.

39
Q

The average decrease of blood alcohol level for an adult in one hour is approximately… (1,00 P.)

 0.1 percent.
 0.01 percent.
 0.03 percent.
 0.3 percent.

A

0.01 percent.

40
Q

Which answer states a risk factor for diabetes? (1,00 P.)

 Overweight
 Smoking
 Sleep deficiency
 Alcohol consumption

A

Overweight

41
Q

A risk factor for decompression sickness is… (1,00 P.)

 smoking.
 sports.
 scuba diving prior to flight.
 100 % oxygen after decompression.

A

scuba diving prior to flight.

42
Q

Which statement is correct with regard to the short-term memory? (1,00 P.)

 It can store 10 (±5) items for 30 to 60 seconds
 It can store 7 (±2) items for 10 to 20 seconds
 It can store 3 (±1) items for 5 to 10 seconds
 It can store 5 (±2) items for 1 to 2 minutes

A

It can store 7 (±2) items for 10 to 20 seconds

43
Q

For what approximate time period can the short-time memory store information? (1,00 P.)

 35 to 50 seconds
 30 to 40 seconds
 3 to 7 seconds
 10 to 20 seconds

A

10 to 20 seconds

44
Q

What is a latent error? (1,00 P.)

 An error which is made by the pilot actively and consciously
 An error which only has consequences after landing
 An error which remains undetected in the system for a long time
 An error which has an immediate effect on the controls

A

An error which remains undetected in the system for a long time

45
Q

What does the term “confirmation bias” mean? (1,00 P.)

 The feedback loop in a closed communication
 The preference to find arguments to proof the own mental model
 The bias to confirm each radio call
 The critical check of ambiguous situations in flight

A

The preference to find arguments to proof the own mental model

46
Q

The ongoing process to monitor the current flight situation is called… (1,00 P.)

 constant flight check.
 situational thinking.
 anticipatory check procedure.
 situational awareness.

A

situational awareness.

47
Q

Regarding the communication model, how can the use of the same code during radio communication be ensured?
(1,00 P.)

 By the use of radio phraseology
 By using radios certified for aviation use only
 By the use of proper headsets
 By a particular frequency allocation

A

By the use of radio phraseology

48
Q

In what different ways can a risk be handled appropriately? (1,00 P.)

 Extrude, avoid, palliate, transfer
 Ignore, accept, transfer, extrude
 Avoid, reduce, transfer, accept
 Avoid, ignore, palliate, reduce

A

Avoid, reduce, transfer, accept

49
Q

Under which circumstances is it more likely to accept higher risks? (1,00 P.)

 If there is not enough information available
 During check flights due to a high level of nervousness
 During flight planning when excellent weather is forecast
 Due to group-dynamic effects

A

Due to group-dynamic effects

50
Q

What is the meaning of “risky shift”? (1,00 P.)

 Crossing of rudder and ailerons on short final
 The tendency to accept higher risks in groups
 Spontaneous change of landing direction when the runway has an upslope
 Seat adjustment in flight

A

The tendency to accept higher risks in groups

51
Q

Which dangerous attitudes are often combined? (1,00 P.)

 Macho and invulnerability
 Impulsivity and carefulness
 Invulnerability and self-abandonment
 Self-abandonment and macho

A

Macho and invulnerability

52
Q

What is an indication for a macho attitude? (1,00 P.)

 Careful walkaround procedure
 Comprehensive risk assessment when faced with unfamiliar situations
 Risky flight maneuvers to impress spectators on ground
 Quick resignation in complex and critical situations

A

Risky flight maneuvers to impress spectators on ground

53
Q

Which factor can lead to human error? (1,00 P.)

 Double check of relevant actions
 Proper use of checklists
 To be doubtful if something looks unclear or ambiguous
 The bias to see what we expect to see

A

The bias to see what we expect to see

54
Q

What is the best combination of traits with respect to the individual attitude and behaviour for a pilot? (1,00 P.)

 Introverted - unstable
 Introverted - stable
 Extroverted - unstable
 Extroverted - stable

A

Extroverted - stable

55
Q

Complacency is a risk due to… (1,00 P.)

 the high number of mistakes normally made by humans.
 increased cockpit automation.
 the high error rate of technical systems.
 better training options for young pilots.

A

increased cockpit automation.

56
Q

The ideal level of arousal is at which point in the diagram?
See figure (HPL- 002)
P = Performance
A = Arousal / Stress (1,00 P.)

 Point A
 Point D
 Point C
 Point B

https://cloud.wafa-sadri.de/s/4FxQWapHjEo97S9

A

Point B

57
Q

At which point in the diagram will a pilot find himself to be overstrained? See figure (HPL-002)
P = Perfromance
A = Arousal / Stress (1,00 P.)

 Point D
 Point B
 Point C
 Point A

A

Point D

58
Q

Which of the following qualities are influenced by stress?
1. Attention
2. Concentration
3. Responsiveness
4. Memory (1,00 P.)

 2,4
 1
 1,2,3,4
 1,2,3

A

1,2,3,4

59
Q

Which answer is correct concerning stress? (1,00 P.)

 Stress can occur if there seems to be no solution for a given problem
 Training and experience have no influence on the occurence of stress
 Stress and its different symptoms are irrelevant for flight safety
 Everybody reacts to stress in the same manner

A

Stress can occur if there seems to be no solution for a given problem

PPL Theory (9 decks)

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