Human Performance and Limitations Flashcards
The majority of aviation accidents are caused by… (1,00 P.)
technical failure.
meteorological influences.
geographical influences.
human failure.
human failure.
The “swiss cheese model” can be used to explain the… (1,00 P.)
error chain.
procedure for an emergency landing.
optimal problem solution.
state of readiness of a pilot.
error chain.
What is the percentage of oxygen in the atmosphere at 6000 ft? (1,00 P.)
21%
12%
78%
18.9%
21%
What is the percentage of nitrogen in the atmosphere? (1,00 P.)
1%
21%
78%
0.1%
78%
At which altitude is the atmospheric pressure approximately half the MSL value (1013 hPa)? (1,00 P.)
18000 ft
5000 ft
10000 ft
22000 ft
18000 ft
Air consists of oxygen, nitrogen and other gases.
What is the approximate percentage of other gases? (1,00 P.)
0.1%
78%
1%
21%
1%
Carbon monoxide poisoning can be caused by… (1,00 P.)
little sleep.
alcohol.
smoking.
unhealthy food.
smoking.
What does the term “Red-out” mean? (1,00 P.)
“Red vision” during negative g-loads
Rash during decompression sickness
Anaemia caused by an injury
Falsified colour perception during sunrise and sunset
“Red vision” during negative g-loads
Carbon monoxide poisoning can be caused by… (1,00 P.)
fuel or hydraulic fluids.
generator failure.
cracks in the heat exchanger.
Pitot icing.
cracks in the heat exchanger.
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of hyperventilaton? (1,00 P.)
Cyanose
Tingling
Spasm
Disturbance of consciousness
Cyanose
Which of the following symptoms may indicate hypoxia? (1,00 P.)
Joint pain in knees and feet
Muscle cramps in the upper body area
Blue discolouration of lips and fingernails
Blue marks all over the body
Blue discolouration of lips and fingernails
Which of the human senses is most influenced by hypoxia? (1,00 P.)
The oltfactory perception (smell)
The tactile perception (sense of touch)
The auditory perception (hearing)
The visual perception (vision)
The visual perception (vision)
From which altitude on does the body usually react to the decreasing atmospheric pressure? (1,00 P.)
2000 feet
7000 feet
10000 feet
12000 feet
7000 feet
Which altitude marks the lower limit where the the body is unable to completely compensate the effects of the low atmospheric pressure? (1,00 P.)
12000 feet
22000 feet
5000 feet
7000 feet
12000 feet
What is the function of the red blood cells (erythrocytes)? (1,00 P.)
Oxygen transport
Blood coagulation
Immune defense
Blood sugar regulatio
Oxygen transport
Which of the following is responsible for the blood coagulation? (1,00 P.)
Red blood cells (erythrocytes)
Capillaries of the arteries
White blood cells (leucocytes)
Blood plates (thrombocytes)
Blood plates (thrombocytes)
What is the function of the white blood cells (leucocytes)? (1,00 P.)
Oxygen transport
Blood coagulation
Blood sugar regulation
Immune defense
Immune defense
What is the function of the blood platelets (thrombocytes)? (1,00 P.)
Immune defense
Blood coagulation
Blood sugar regulation
Oxygen transport
Blood coagulation
Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for hypoxia? (1,00 P.)
Smoking
Menstruation
Blood donation
Diving
Diving
Anemic hypoxia can be caused by… (1,00 P.)
carbon monoxide poisoning.
low pressure.
high altitudes.
alcohol.
carbon monoxide poisoning.
What is an appropriate reaction when a passenger during cruise flight suddenly feels uncomfortable? (1,00 P.)
Adjust cabin temperature and prevent excessive bank
Give additional oxygen and avoid low load factors
Avoid conversation and choose a higher airspeed
Switch on the heater blower and provide thermal blankets
Adjust cabin temperature and prevent excessive bank
What ist the correct term for an involuntary and stereotypical reaction of an organism to the stimulation of a receptor? (1,00 P.)
Reduction
Virulence
Coherence
Reflex
Reflex
What is the correct term for the system which, among others, controls breathing, digestion, and heart frequency? (1,00 P.)
Critical nervous system
Autonomic nervous system
Automatical nervous system
Compliant nervous system
Autonomic nervous system
What is the parallax error? (1,00 P.)
Long-sightedness due to aging especially during night
Wrong interpretation of instruments caused by the angle of vision
Misperception of speed during taxiing
A decoding error in communication between pilots
Wrong interpretation of instruments caused by the angle of vision
25 Which characteristic is important when choosing sunglasses used by pilots? (1,00 P.)
Non-polarised
No UV filter
Curved sidepiece
Unbreakable
Non-polarised
Which part of the visual system is responsible for colour vision? (1,00 P.)
Cones
Rods
Macula
Blind spot
Cones
The connection between middle ear and nose and throat region is called… (1,00 P.)
eardrum.
cochlea.
inner ear.
eustachian tube.
eustachian tube.
In which situation is it NOT possible to achieve a pressure compensation between the middle ear and the environment? (1,00 P.)
During a light and slow climb
All windows are completely closed
Breathing takes place using the mouth only
The eustachien tube is blocked
The eustachien tube is blocked
In which situation is it NOT possible to achieve a pressure compensation between the middle ear and the environment? (1,00 P.)
During a light and slow climb
All windows are completely closed
Breathing takes place using the mouth only
The eustachien tube is blocked
Wings level after a longer period of turning can lead to the impression of… (1,00 P.)
starting a descent.
starting a climb.
steady turning in the same direction as before.
turning into the opposite direction.
turning into the opposite direction.
Which of the following options does NOT stimulate motion sickness (disorientation)? (1,00 P.)
Head movements during turns
Flying under the influence of alcohol
Non-accelerated straight and level flight
Turbulence in level flight
Non-accelerated straight and level flight
An acceleration during a straight horizontal flight can lead to the illusion of… (1,00 P.)
a descent.
a climb.
an inverted flight.
a bank.
a climb.
A deceleration during a straight horizontal flight can lead to the illusion of… (1,00 P.)
a climb.
a descent.
a bank.
an inverted flight.
a descent.
Which optical illusion might be caused by a runway with an upslope during the approach? (1,00 P.)
The pilot has the feeling that the approach is too fast
and reduces the speed below the normal approach speed
The pilot has the feeling that the approach is too high and therefore descents below the regular glide slope
The pilot has the feeling that the approach is too slow and speeds up above the normal approach speed
The pilot has the feeling that the approach is too low
and therefore approaches the runway above the regular glide slope
The pilot has the feeling that the approach is too high and therefore descents below the regular glide slope
What impression may be caused when approaching a runway with an upslope? (1,00 P.)
A landing beside the centerline
A hard landing
An undershoot
An overshoot
An overshoot
The occurence of a vertigo is most likely when moving the head… (1,00 P.)
during a straight horizontal flight.
during a turn.
during a descent.
during a climb.
during a turn.
A Grey-out is the result of… (1,00 P.)
hypoxia.
tiredness.
positive g-forces.
hyperventilation.
positive g-forces.
Visual illusions are mostly caused by… (1,00 P.)
rapid eye movements.
misinterpretation of the brain.
colour blindness.
binocular vision.
misinterpretation of the brain.
The average decrease of blood alcohol level for an adult in one hour is approximately… (1,00 P.)
0.1 percent.
0.01 percent.
0.03 percent.
0.3 percent.
0.01 percent.
Which answer states a risk factor for diabetes? (1,00 P.)
Overweight
Smoking
Sleep deficiency
Alcohol consumption
Overweight
A risk factor for decompression sickness is… (1,00 P.)
smoking.
sports.
scuba diving prior to flight.
100 % oxygen after decompression.
scuba diving prior to flight.
Which statement is correct with regard to the short-term memory? (1,00 P.)
It can store 10 (±5) items for 30 to 60 seconds
It can store 7 (±2) items for 10 to 20 seconds
It can store 3 (±1) items for 5 to 10 seconds
It can store 5 (±2) items for 1 to 2 minutes
It can store 7 (±2) items for 10 to 20 seconds
For what approximate time period can the short-time memory store information? (1,00 P.)
35 to 50 seconds
30 to 40 seconds
3 to 7 seconds
10 to 20 seconds
10 to 20 seconds
What is a latent error? (1,00 P.)
An error which is made by the pilot actively and consciously
An error which only has consequences after landing
An error which remains undetected in the system for a long time
An error which has an immediate effect on the controls
An error which remains undetected in the system for a long time
What does the term “confirmation bias” mean? (1,00 P.)
The feedback loop in a closed communication
The preference to find arguments to proof the own mental model
The bias to confirm each radio call
The critical check of ambiguous situations in flight
The preference to find arguments to proof the own mental model
The ongoing process to monitor the current flight situation is called… (1,00 P.)
constant flight check.
situational thinking.
anticipatory check procedure.
situational awareness.
situational awareness.
Regarding the communication model, how can the use of the same code during radio communication be ensured?
(1,00 P.)
By the use of radio phraseology
By using radios certified for aviation use only
By the use of proper headsets
By a particular frequency allocation
By the use of radio phraseology
In what different ways can a risk be handled appropriately? (1,00 P.)
Extrude, avoid, palliate, transfer
Ignore, accept, transfer, extrude
Avoid, reduce, transfer, accept
Avoid, ignore, palliate, reduce
Avoid, reduce, transfer, accept
Under which circumstances is it more likely to accept higher risks? (1,00 P.)
If there is not enough information available
During check flights due to a high level of nervousness
During flight planning when excellent weather is forecast
Due to group-dynamic effects
Due to group-dynamic effects
What is the meaning of “risky shift”? (1,00 P.)
Crossing of rudder and ailerons on short final
The tendency to accept higher risks in groups
Spontaneous change of landing direction when the runway has an upslope
Seat adjustment in flight
The tendency to accept higher risks in groups
Which dangerous attitudes are often combined? (1,00 P.)
Macho and invulnerability
Impulsivity and carefulness
Invulnerability and self-abandonment
Self-abandonment and macho
Macho and invulnerability
What is an indication for a macho attitude? (1,00 P.)
Careful walkaround procedure
Comprehensive risk assessment when faced with unfamiliar situations
Risky flight maneuvers to impress spectators on ground
Quick resignation in complex and critical situations
Risky flight maneuvers to impress spectators on ground
Which factor can lead to human error? (1,00 P.)
Double check of relevant actions
Proper use of checklists
To be doubtful if something looks unclear or ambiguous
The bias to see what we expect to see
The bias to see what we expect to see
What is the best combination of traits with respect to the individual attitude and behaviour for a pilot? (1,00 P.)
Introverted - unstable
Introverted - stable
Extroverted - unstable
Extroverted - stable
Extroverted - stable
Complacency is a risk due to… (1,00 P.)
the high number of mistakes normally made by humans.
increased cockpit automation.
the high error rate of technical systems.
better training options for young pilots.
increased cockpit automation.
The ideal level of arousal is at which point in the diagram?
See figure (HPL- 002)
P = Performance
A = Arousal / Stress (1,00 P.)
Point A
Point D
Point C
Point B
https://cloud.wafa-sadri.de/s/4FxQWapHjEo97S9
Point B
At which point in the diagram will a pilot find himself to be overstrained? See figure (HPL-002)
P = Perfromance
A = Arousal / Stress (1,00 P.)
Point D
Point B
Point C
Point A
Point D
Which of the following qualities are influenced by stress?
1. Attention
2. Concentration
3. Responsiveness
4. Memory (1,00 P.)
2,4
1
1,2,3,4
1,2,3
1,2,3,4
Which answer is correct concerning stress? (1,00 P.)
Stress can occur if there seems to be no solution for a given problem
Training and experience have no influence on the occurence of stress
Stress and its different symptoms are irrelevant for flight safety
Everybody reacts to stress in the same manner
Stress can occur if there seems to be no solution for a given problem
