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PPL Theory > Human Performance > Flashcards

Human Performance Flashcards

1
Q

What are the constituents of the atmosphere?

A

Nitrogen 78%
Oxygen 21%
Other Gases 1%

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2
Q

Is the breathing rate more susceptible to excess oxygen or CO2?

A

CO2

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3
Q

Define Hypoxia

A

The condition when the amount of oxygen available is insufficient to meet the needs of the body.

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4
Q

Describe the two main types of hypoxia

A

Hypoxic Hypoxia
Caused by there simply not being sufficient oxygen in the air to supply the bodys needs although the bodys oxygen transportation system is working.

Anaemic Hypoxia
A reduced ability of the blood to transport oxygen to the bodys tissues even though there is an adequate supply of oxygen. Could be caused by carbon monoxide poisoning.

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5
Q

What is an effective counter-measure for hypoxia?

A

Each person on board an aircraft checking the others frequently, remaining alert to symptoms in yourself and others.

Single pilots flying at high altitudes should make use of a pulse oximeter. But be aware the level of oxygen in the finger is not the same as that in the brain.

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6
Q

Describe Carbon Monoxide Poisoning

A

Haemoglobin bonds to carbon monoxide 200 times more readily than Oxygen. Therefore, the presence of CO in the bloodstream will reduce the amount of haemoglobin-oxygen bonds in favour of haemoglobin-carbon monoxide bonds. Thus the amount of oxygen reaching the bodys tissue decreases and anaemic hypoxia develops.

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7
Q

How can Carbon Monoxide poisoning develop on a light aircraft?

A

The heating system of light aircraft operates by passing cool air close to the hot exhaust system. Any small holes in the exhaust will allow CO into the heating and ventilation system. This can happen insidiously without occupants noticing.

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8
Q

From which altitude on does the body usually react to the decreasing atmospheric pressure?

A

7,000ft AMSL

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9
Q

What are some of the symptoms of hypoxia?

A

Personality changes and impaired judgement
Confusion and difficulty concentrating
Loss of co-ordination
Drowsiness
Headaches, Dizziness and nausea
Blue/Grey Skin Colour (Cyanosis)
Hyperventilation
Loss of basic senses
Unconsciousness

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9
Q

What are some of the symptoms of hypoxia?

A

Personality changes and impaired judgement
Confusion and difficulty concentrating
Loss of co-ordination

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10
Q

What is the name given to the condition of blue/grey skin or fingertips?

A

Cyanosis

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11
Q

What is the Time of Useful consciousness at relevant altitudes?

A

20,000ft - 30 minutes
30,000ft - 1 to 2 minutes
35,000ft - 30 to 90 seconds
40,000ft - 15 to 20 seconds

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12
Q

What other factors will affect the susceptibility and severity of hypoxia?

A

Time
Exercise
Stress/Workload
Cold, Illness and Fatigue
Alcohol
Smoking

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13
Q

How can hyperventilation be caused on light aircraft?

A

Vibration
Turbulence
High G
Hypoxia
Pain
Motion Sickness

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14
Q

What are symptoms of hyperventilation?

A

Dizziness, light-headed feelings
Tingling Sensations
Vision Impairment
Hot and Cold Feelings
Unconsciousness

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15
Q

What are ways to treat hyperventilation?

A

Consciously slowing down the breathing rate
Re-breathing exhaled air (Breathing into and out of a bag)

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16
Q

Hypoxia and Hyperventilation have similar symptoms. How should you treat if you are unsure?

A

Check Altitude. If above 10,000ft, assume hypoxia and act accordingly. If already below 10,000ft, hyperventilation is more likely.

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17
Q

How long should you wait before flying after scuba diving?

A

You should not fly within 24 hours of diving using compressed air.

Or 12 hours if diving did not exceed 10m/30ft.

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18
Q

What is the name for the natural loss of hearing with age?

A

Presbycusis

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19
Q

What is the name for the painful stretching of the eardrum?

A

Barotrauma

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20
Q

What is the name given to the system that helps humans balance?

A

Vestibular System

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21
Q

What are symptoms of motion sickness?

A

Yawning & Fatigue
Increased Salivation
Dizziness
Nausea & Vomiting
Headache
Sweating & Chills

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22
Q

What are ways to prevent and reduce motion sickness?

A

Breathe fresh air
Look outsideat a fixed point on the horizon
Change your focus of attention
Control your breathing by taking slow and deep breaths
Drink water

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23
Q

Describe the difference between rods and cones

A

Rods are for peripheral vision and are not colour sensitive

Cones are for sharp colour vision and are near the fovea

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24
Q

How wide is the field of binocular vision?

A

About 60 degrees

25
Q

What are the ways that humans perceive depth?

A

Parallax
Perspective
Relative Size
Relative Motion
Overlapping Motion
Aerial Perspective

26
Q

How long does it take an eye to adapt to low-light conditions?

A

30 minutes

27
Q

If you are required to turn on a light during a night flight, how can you preserve your night vision?

A

By keeping one-eye closed and using red light.

28
Q

What sound pressure level, measured in decibels, is accepted as the threshold above which prolonged exposure may cause permanent hearing damage?

A

90dB

29
Q

Above which BMI is a person considered overweight and obese?

A

25-30 Overweight
30+ Obese

30
Q

What is coronary heart disease?

A

The blockage or interruption of your hearts operational blood supply by a narrowing/hardening or build-up of fat in the coronary arteries.

31
Q

What is hypertension?

A

High blood pressure

32
Q

What are the alcohol restrictions for flying?

A

Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) not to exceed 0.02% or 0.2g/l, or the national limit if lower.

Breath Alcohol Concentration (BrAC) not to exceed 90 micrograms per litre, or the national limit if lower.

Alcohol should not be consumed within 8 hours of performing duties.

33
Q

At what rate does alcohol leave the body?

A

1 unit per hour.

This process does not start until 1 hour after drinking begins

34
Q

What is the recommended daily dose of caffeine for pilots?

A

200-250mg

35
Q

What is the name given to low-blood sugar and what are the symptoms?

A

Hypoglycaemia

Sleepiness and difficulty concentrating

36
Q

Can an antihistamine cause drowsiness?

A

Yes

37
Q

If you have been given a local anaesthetic, for how long should you not fly?

A

24 hours

38
Q

If you have been given a general anaesthetic, for how long should you not fly?

A

48 hours

39
Q

If you have donated blood, for how long should you not fly?

A

24 hours

40
Q

If you have donated bone marrow, for how long should you not fly?

A

48 hours

41
Q

Describe the IMSAFE Protocol

A

A checklist for a pilot to use to ensure they are fit to fly

Illness
Medication
Stress
Alcohol
Fatigue
Eating

42
Q

What is the correct calculation for BMI?

A

Weight (in kg) divided by height (in metres) squared

43
Q

Which altitude marks the lower limit where the body is unable to completely compensate the effects of low atmospheric pressure?

A

12,000ft AMSL

44
Q

At which altitude do the effects of low atmopsheric pressure become noticeable?

A

10,000ft AMSL

45
Q

Where in the lungs does gas exchange occur?

A

Alveoli

46
Q

What is a ‘Red Out’?

A

Extreme negative G forces blood into the head under pressure causing the pilots vision to turn red.

47
Q

What is a ‘Grey Out’?

A

Extreme positive G forces reduces the flow of blood to the head and affects periphery vision, which can develop into tunnel vision. If the extreme G continues, it could result in G-LOC.

48
Q

When is Vertigo most likely to occur?

A

When moving the head during a turn.

49
Q

What is risk shift?

A

When decisions are taken in a group, they tend to be more risky than those taken by an individual.

50
Q

What is a slip?

A

When a correctly intended action is completed incorrectly.

51
Q

What is a lapse?

A

When a required action has been forgotten.

52
Q

What is a mistake?

A

When it is believed the correct action is being carried out, but the plan itself was wrong.

53
Q

What are skill-based behaviours?

A

Routines. Stored patterns of instructions and automated routines requiring little conscious attention. When incorrectly timed or poorly co-ordinated, the result can is called a routine error, ie a slip.

54
Q

What is a rule-based behaviour?

A

Pre-packaged units of behavior released when
appropriate rule is applied. ie a Familiar Task. An error can occur when a good rule is applied to the wrong situation, ie a mistake.

55
Q

What are knowledge-based behaviours?

A

Improvisation in unfamiliar environments where no routines or rules are available for handling situation. They rely on knowledge and experience to analyse a new problem and devise a solution. Errors at this level stem from resource limitations as well as incomplete/incorrect knowledge.

56
Q

What is a latent error?

A

An error which remains undetected in the system for a long time.

57
Q

What are 5 attitudes that are particularly dangerous in aviation?

A

Impulsiveness
Anti-Authority
Complacency
Machismo
Resignation

58
Q

What are some effects of fatigue?

A

Reduced ability to complete calculations
Redusced attention/vigilance
Mood changes
Behaviour Changes
Reduced Motivation
Poor Self-Monitoring

59
Q

What is action coping?

A

Where an individul takes direct action relating to the source of excessive stress, such as changing job.

60
Q

What are the leans?

A

An illusion that the aircraft is banked, when in fact the wings are level.

PPL Theory (5 decks)

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