Human Organism Overview Flashcards
Define: a balance in the body’s internal environment
homeostasis (invol)
Define: scientific discipline that investigates the body’s structure, such as the size and shape of a bone
Anatomy
Define: scientific investigation of the processes or functions of living things
Physiology
What are the 5 relevant ions?
sodium, potassium, chlorine, magnesium, calcium
Define: structures examined without a microscope
Gross
Define: studied area by area
Regional
Define: studied system by system
Systemic
Define: external form used to visualize deeper structures
Surface
Define: study of cellular anatomy
Cytology
Define: study of tissues
Histology
Define X-Ray
Electromagnetic radiation moves through body and is exposed on photographic plate; creates radiograph
Define ultrasound
Sound waves pass into body and bounce back to receiver; visualized as a sonogram
Define: computer-analyzed x-ray images
Computed Tomography (C T)
Define: Digital Subtraction Angiography (D S A):
Similar to a C T scan but uses a radiopaque dye to enhance differences in areas
Define: radio waves directed to patient while under electromagnetic field; radio waves collected and analyzed by computer.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (M R I)
Define: Positron Emission Tomography (P E T)
Radioactively labeled glucose usage by a tissue is detected; provides info on metabolic state.
This is describing the use of what imaging?: Structures that are dense (such as bone) will appear white, air will be black, and other structures will be shades of gray depending on density. *** Sutures = joints Gomphosis (teeth) that do NOT move
X-Ray
What weeks in a pregnancy can you use an ultrasound to determine the gender of the fetus?
16 & 22
You can use what type of imaging to see the following:
View the uterus and ovaries during pregnancy and monitor the developing baby’s health.
Diagnose gallbladder disease.
Evaluate blood flow.
Guide a needle for biopsy or tumor treatment.
Examine a breast lump.
Check the thyroid gland.
Find genital and prostate problems.
Ultrasound
“ultrasound waves are used to break the kidney stone into smaller pieces, which can pass out with the urine.” is called?
Extracorporeal (situated or occurring outside the body!!) shock-wave **lithotripsy (ESWL)
What is the imaging being used here called?: is atype ofX-ray used to checkblood vessels. Blood vessels do not show clearly on a normal X-ray, so a special dye called a contrast agent needs to be injected into your blood first. This highlights your blood vessels, allowing your doctor to see any problems
Angiography
What imaging technique is more effective to identify some forms of cancer? MRI or CT
MRI
What are the 4 tissue types?
epithelial, connective, muscular (Ex = AP), and nervous (Ex = AP).; ALL 4 have RMP! = Difference in charge across a membrane
Is the epidermis living?
No
What is the largest organ in the human body?
Skin
Provides protection, regulates temperature, prevents water loss, and helps produce vitamin D; are all parts of the outer layer of the body and include? (4 things)
Skin, hair, nails, and sweat glands
Provides protection and support, allows body movements, produces blood cells, and stores minerals and fat. Consists of bones (source of Ca++ and blood cells – marrow cavities x 2), associated cartilages, ligaments, and joints. What am I?
Skeletal system
Produces body movements, maintains posture, and produces body heat. Consists of muscles attached to the skeleton by tendons. What am I?
Muscular system (**Can control voluntarily that has an outward, visible manifestation = skeletal muscle).
A major regulatory system that detects sensations and controls movements, physiological processes, and intellectual functions. Consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors.
What am I?
Nervous system
Endocrine system literally means ‘into blood’ which means ____?
Hormones
The FOUR hormones that elevate blood sugar (combat hypoglycemia) are?
Epinephrine(Adrenaline); Growth Hormone (GH); Cortisol (the stress hormone); Glucagon for alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas
Transports nutrients, waste products, gases, and hormones throughout the body; plays a role in the immune response and the regulation of body temperature. Consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood = hemodynamics = living organisms respond. What am I?
Circulatory system
Removes foreign substances from the blood and lymph, combats disease, maintains tissue fluid balance, and absorbs fats from the digestive tract. Consists of the lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and other lymphatic organs. What am I?
Lymphatic system
Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and air and regulates blood pH (if CO2 up = pH is down). What am I?
Respiratory system
Performs the mechanical and chemical processes of digestion, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of wastes. Consists of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and accessory organs. What am I?
Digestive system
Removes waste products from the blood and regulates blood pH, ion balance, and water balance. Consists of the kidneys, urinary bladder, and ducts that carry urine. What am I?
Urinary system
Produces oocytes and is the site of fertilization and fetal development; produces milk for the newborn; produces hormones that influence sexual function and behaviors. Consists of the ovaries, vagina, uterus, mammary glands, and associated structures. What am I?
Female repro system
Produces and transfers sperm cells to the female and produces hormones that influence sexual functions and behaviors. Consists of the testes, accessory structures, ducts, and penis.
What am I?
Male repro system
Define: the ability to used energy to perform vital functions; all chemical reactions of the body.
Metabolism
Define: ability to sense changes in the interior and exterior environment and adjust; cell-to-cell communication is necessary
Responsiveness
Define: changes in an organism over time.
Development
Define: change from general to specific
Differentiation
Define: change in shape of tissues, organs, or the entire organism
Morphogenesis
Define: : formation of new cells or new organisms for growth and development; allows organisms to pass on their genes to their offspring
Reproduction
Define: monitors the value of some variable by detecting a stimulus (a change in the variable)
Receptor
Define: establishes the set point and receives input from the receptor.
Control center
Define: generates the response which can change the value of the variable. Respond to stimuli
Effector (some are **Vol and some are invol)
______ regulates your body **temperature, responding to internal and external stimuli and making adjustments to keep the body within one or two degrees of 98.6F degrees
Hypothalamus
The regulation of your internal body temperature is a negative or positive feedback loop?
Negative
Once your brain receives signals from the hypothalamus to begin producing sweat due to increased body temperature. Then you rest bringing you body temp back down to normal and you stop sweating. This is an example of a _____ feedback loop.
Negative
Medulla = ____ ____(BP)
Blood Pressure
Childbirth, lactation, and blood clotting are examples of _____ feedback
Positive
Body erect, face forward, feet together, palms face forward is what body position?
Anatomical
lying face upward is what body position?
Supine
lying face downward is what body position
Prone
