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ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY PRELIM > HUMAN ORGANISM: CHAPTER 1 > Flashcards

HUMAN ORGANISM: CHAPTER 1 Flashcards

1
Q

It is the scientific discipline that investigates the structure of the body—for example, the parts and chambers of the heart.

A

Anatomy

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2
Q

Anatomy means to:

A

dissect, cut or apart, separate

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3
Q

It is the study of the body by systems, such as the cardiovascular, nervous, skeletal, and muscular systems.

A

Systemic anatomy

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4
Q

It is the study of the organization of the body by areas. Within each region, such as the head, abdomen, or arm, all systems are studied simultaneously. This is the approach taken in many medical and dental schools.

A

Regional anatomy

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5
Q

It is the study of external features, such as bony projections, which serve as landmarks for locating deeper structures.

A

Surface anatomy

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6
Q

It involves the use of x-rays, ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and other technologies to create pictures of internal structures, such as when determining if a bone is broken or a ligament is torn.

A

Anatomical imaging

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7
Q

It is the scientific discipline that deals with the processes or functions of living things

A

physiology

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8
Q

It focuses on processes inside cells such as the manufacturing of substances, including proteins,

A

cell physio

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9
Q

the study of humans. Like anatomy, physiology can be studied at multiple levels.

A

Human physiology

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10
Q

focuses on the functions of organ systems.

A

systemic physiology

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11
Q

The body can be studied at six structural levels:

A

chemical, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, and organism

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12
Q

This involves how atoms, such as hydrogen and carbon, interact and combine into molecules.

A

Chemical level

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13
Q

They are the basic structural and functional units of organisms, such as plants and animals.

A

Cells

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14
Q

Most cells contain smaller structures inside them, called:

A

organelles

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15
Q

They carry out particular functions, such as digestion and movement, for the cell.

A

Organelles

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16
Q

It is a group of similar cells and the materials surrounding them.

A

Tissue

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17
Q

four primary types of tissues:

A

epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous

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18
Q

a collection of tissues that structurally form a functional unit specialized to perform a particular function

A

Organ

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19
Q

It is a group of organs that together perform a common function or set of functions.

A

Organ system

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20
Q

What are the 11 major organ systems?

A

integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive.

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21
Q

It is any living thing considered as a whole, whether composed of one cell, such as a bacterium, or of trillions of cells, such as a human.

A

organism

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22
Q

It is a network of organ systems that are mutually dependent upon one another.

A

Human organism

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23
Q

It refers to the specific interrelationships among the individual parts of an organism, and how those parts interact to perform specific functions.

A

Organization

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24
Q

It is the ability to use energy to perform other vital functions, such as growth, movement, and reproduction. Human cells possess specialized proteins that can break down food molecules to use as a source of energy.

A

Metabolism

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25
Q

It is an organism’s ability to sense changes in the external or internal environment and adjust to those changes.

A

Responsiveness

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26
Q

It refers to an increase in the size or number of cells, which produces an overall enlargement in all or part of an organism, cell size, or the amount of substance surrounding cells.

A

Growth

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27
Q

It includes the changes an organism undergoes through time, beginning with fertilization and ending at death.

A

development

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28
Q

It involves changes in a cell’s structure and function from an immature, generalized state to a mature, specialized state.

A

Differentiation

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29
Q

It is the maintenance of a relatively constant environment within the body.

A

homeostasis

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30
Q

To achieve homeostasis, the body must:

A

actively regulate body conditions that are constantly changing.

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31
Q

Body temp is a :

A

variable because it is not always constant

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32
Q

Most homeostatic mechanisms are regulated by the:

A

nervous system or the endocrine system

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33
Q

Homeostatic mechanisms are not able to maintain:

A

body temp precisely at the set point

explanation:

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34
Q

It is the maintenance of a variable around an ideal normal value, or set point.

A

Homeostasis

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35
Q

tO DECREASE

A

negative

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36
Q

It is when any deviation from the set point is made smaller or is resisted.

A

Negative feedback

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37
Q

Negative feedback does not:

A

prevent variation but

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38
Q

3 Components of negative feedback mechanisms

A

receptor, control center and effector

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39
Q

It monitors the value of a variable, such as body temperature, by detecting stimuli

A

receptor

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40
Q

which determines the set point for the variable and receives input from the receptor about the variable; such as part of the brain

A

control center

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41
Q

It can adjust the value of the variable when directed by the control center, usually back toward the set point. such as the sweat glands,

A

effector

42
Q

A changed variable is a

A

stimulus

43
Q

A changed variable is a stimulus because it?

A

it initiates a homestatic mechniasm

44
Q

This occurs when a response to the original stimulus results in the deviation from the set point becoming even greater

A

Positive feedback mechanisms

45
Q

It refers to a person standing upright with the face directed forward, the upper limbs hanging to the sides, and the palms of the hands facing forward

A

Anatomical Position

46
Q

term: inferior

A

below

46
Q

term: superior

A

above

46
Q

term: anterior

A

front

47
Q

Supine

A

Lying face upward

48
Q

Prone

A

Lying face downward

48
Q

term: posterior

A

behind

49
Q

term: ventral

A

toward the belly

50
Q

term: proximal

A

closer to a point of attachment

50
Q

term: lateral

A

away from the midline of the body

50
Q

term: distal

A

farther froma point of attachment

51
Q

term: medial

A

toward the middle or midline of the body

52
Q

term: superficial

A

toward or on the surface

53
Q

term: deep

A

away from the surface, internal

54
Q

distal

A

far from

55
Q

meaning: proximal

A

close to

56
Q

meaning: medial

A

toward the midline

57
Q

meaning: lateral

A

away from the midline

58
Q

meaning: superficial

A

structure close to the surface of the body

59
Q

trunk is divided into 3 sections:

A

thorax, abnomen, pelvis

60
Q

chest cavity where the heart and lungs are located.

A

thorax

60
Q

contains the bladder and reproductuve orgrans

A

pelvis

60
Q

the upper limb is divided into 4 sections:

A

arm,forearm,wrist and the hand

60
Q

central region of the body consists:

A

head,neck,trunk

60
Q

contains organs such as liver, stomach, intestines

A

abnomen

60
Q

extends from elbow to wrist

A

forearm

61
Q

lower limb is divided into 4 parts:

A

thigh, leg, ankle and the foot

62
Q

entends from hip to knee

A

thigh

62
Q

extends from the knee to the ankle

A

leg

62
Q

It divides, or sections the body making it possible to “look inside” and observe the body’s structures

A

planes

63
Q

separates the body or a structure into right and left halves

A

sagittal plane

64
Q

“the flight of an arrow”

A

sagittal

65
Q

It is a sagittal plane that passes through the midline of the body, dividing it into equal right and left halves.

A

Median plane

66
Q

It runs parallel to the ground, dividing the body into superior and inferior portions.

A

A transverse (horizontal) plane

67
Q

divides the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) halves.

A

frontal (coronal) plane

68
Q

It is a cut along the length of the organ, similar to the cut along a hot dog bun.

A

longitudinal section

69
Q

AKA cross section, cuts completely through an organ, similar to cutting a hot dog or banana into round pieces.

A

transverse section

70
Q

If a cut is made diagonally across the long axis, it is called an:

A

Oblique section

71
Q

The body contains two types of internal cavities:

A

the dorsal body cavity and (2) the ventral body cavity

72
Q

It encloses the organs of the nervous system, the brain and spinal cord.

A

dorsal body

73
Q

two subdivisions of the dorsal body

A

cranial activity and vertebral canal

74
Q

cranial activity houses the: b

A

brain

75
Q

vertebral canal houses the:

A

spinal cord

76
Q

both brain and spinal cord are covered by membranes called:

A

meninges

77
Q

The ventral body cavity houses the vast majority of our internal organs, collectively referred to as the:

A

Viscera

78
Q

The ventral body cavity also has two major subdivisions, which are

A

the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity.

79
Q

It is more superior to the abdominopelvic cavity and houses primarily the heart and lungs, among other organs.

A

thoraic cavity

80
Q

This thoracic cavity is further subdivided into sections:

A

two lateral pleural cavities, medial medistinun

81
Q

two lateral pleural cavities encloses a:

A

lung

82
Q

a medial mediastinum houses a:

A

heart and its major blood vessels, in addition to the thymus, the trachea, and the esophagus.

83
Q

It is enclosed by abdominal muscles

A

The Abdominopelvic Cavity

84
Q

The organs of the abdominopelvic cavity are housed within the:

A

peritoneal cavity

85
Q

The abdominopelvic cavity is enclosed by abdominal muscles and consists of:

A
  1. the more superior abdominal cavity
  2. the more inferior pelvic cavity
86
Q

The abdominal cavity contains the majority of the digestive organs, such as:

A

the stomach, the intestines, and the liver, in addition to the spleen.

87
Q

The pelvic cavity continues below the pelvis and contains the:

A

urinary bladder, urethra, rectum of the large intestine, and reproductive organs.

88
Q

The walls of the body cavities and the surface of internal organs are in contact with membranes called

A

serous membranes

89
Q

serous membranes are double layered. The layer that lines the walls of the cavities is called:

A

Parietal serous membrane

90
Q

The layer covering the internal organs (the viscera) is
the:

A

visceral serous membrane

ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY PRELIM (6 decks)

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