HUMAN ORGANISM: CHAPTER 1 Flashcards
It is the scientific discipline that investigates the structure of the body—for example, the parts and chambers of the heart.
Anatomy
Anatomy means to:
dissect, cut or apart, separate
It is the study of the body by systems, such as the cardiovascular, nervous, skeletal, and muscular systems.
Systemic anatomy
It is the study of the organization of the body by areas. Within each region, such as the head, abdomen, or arm, all systems are studied simultaneously. This is the approach taken in many medical and dental schools.
Regional anatomy
It is the study of external features, such as bony projections, which serve as landmarks for locating deeper structures.
Surface anatomy
It involves the use of x-rays, ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and other technologies to create pictures of internal structures, such as when determining if a bone is broken or a ligament is torn.
Anatomical imaging
It is the scientific discipline that deals with the processes or functions of living things
physiology
It focuses on processes inside cells such as the manufacturing of substances, including proteins,
cell physio
the study of humans. Like anatomy, physiology can be studied at multiple levels.
Human physiology
focuses on the functions of organ systems.
systemic physiology
The body can be studied at six structural levels:
chemical, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, and organism
This involves how atoms, such as hydrogen and carbon, interact and combine into molecules.
Chemical level
They are the basic structural and functional units of organisms, such as plants and animals.
Cells
Most cells contain smaller structures inside them, called:
organelles
They carry out particular functions, such as digestion and movement, for the cell.
Organelles
It is a group of similar cells and the materials surrounding them.
Tissue
four primary types of tissues:
epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous
a collection of tissues that structurally form a functional unit specialized to perform a particular function
Organ
It is a group of organs that together perform a common function or set of functions.
Organ system
What are the 11 major organ systems?
integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive.
It is any living thing considered as a whole, whether composed of one cell, such as a bacterium, or of trillions of cells, such as a human.
organism
It is a network of organ systems that are mutually dependent upon one another.
Human organism
It refers to the specific interrelationships among the individual parts of an organism, and how those parts interact to perform specific functions.
Organization
It is the ability to use energy to perform other vital functions, such as growth, movement, and reproduction. Human cells possess specialized proteins that can break down food molecules to use as a source of energy.
Metabolism
It is an organism’s ability to sense changes in the external or internal environment and adjust to those changes.
Responsiveness
It refers to an increase in the size or number of cells, which produces an overall enlargement in all or part of an organism, cell size, or the amount of substance surrounding cells.
Growth
It includes the changes an organism undergoes through time, beginning with fertilization and ending at death.
development
It involves changes in a cell’s structure and function from an immature, generalized state to a mature, specialized state.
Differentiation
It is the maintenance of a relatively constant environment within the body.
homeostasis
To achieve homeostasis, the body must:
actively regulate body conditions that are constantly changing.
Body temp is a :
variable because it is not always constant
Most homeostatic mechanisms are regulated by the:
nervous system or the endocrine system
Homeostatic mechanisms are not able to maintain:
body temp precisely at the set point
explanation:
It is the maintenance of a variable around an ideal normal value, or set point.
Homeostasis
tO DECREASE
negative
It is when any deviation from the set point is made smaller or is resisted.
Negative feedback
Negative feedback does not:
prevent variation but
3 Components of negative feedback mechanisms
receptor, control center and effector
It monitors the value of a variable, such as body temperature, by detecting stimuli
receptor
which determines the set point for the variable and receives input from the receptor about the variable; such as part of the brain
control center
It can adjust the value of the variable when directed by the control center, usually back toward the set point. such as the sweat glands,
effector
A changed variable is a
stimulus
A changed variable is a stimulus because it?
it initiates a homestatic mechniasm
This occurs when a response to the original stimulus results in the deviation from the set point becoming even greater
Positive feedback mechanisms
It refers to a person standing upright with the face directed forward, the upper limbs hanging to the sides, and the palms of the hands facing forward
Anatomical Position
term: inferior
below
term: superior
above
term: anterior
front
Supine
Lying face upward
Prone
Lying face downward
term: posterior
behind
term: ventral
toward the belly
term: proximal
closer to a point of attachment
term: lateral
away from the midline of the body
term: distal
farther froma point of attachment
term: medial
toward the middle or midline of the body
term: superficial
toward or on the surface
term: deep
away from the surface, internal
distal
far from
meaning: proximal
close to
meaning: medial
toward the midline
meaning: lateral
away from the midline
meaning: superficial
structure close to the surface of the body
trunk is divided into 3 sections:
thorax, abnomen, pelvis
chest cavity where the heart and lungs are located.
thorax
contains the bladder and reproductuve orgrans
pelvis
the upper limb is divided into 4 sections:
arm,forearm,wrist and the hand
central region of the body consists:
head,neck,trunk
contains organs such as liver, stomach, intestines
abnomen
extends from elbow to wrist
forearm
lower limb is divided into 4 parts:
thigh, leg, ankle and the foot
entends from hip to knee
thigh
extends from the knee to the ankle
leg
It divides, or sections the body making it possible to “look inside” and observe the body’s structures
planes
separates the body or a structure into right and left halves
sagittal plane
“the flight of an arrow”
sagittal
It is a sagittal plane that passes through the midline of the body, dividing it into equal right and left halves.
Median plane
It runs parallel to the ground, dividing the body into superior and inferior portions.
A transverse (horizontal) plane
divides the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) halves.
frontal (coronal) plane
It is a cut along the length of the organ, similar to the cut along a hot dog bun.
longitudinal section
AKA cross section, cuts completely through an organ, similar to cutting a hot dog or banana into round pieces.
transverse section
If a cut is made diagonally across the long axis, it is called an:
Oblique section
The body contains two types of internal cavities:
the dorsal body cavity and (2) the ventral body cavity
It encloses the organs of the nervous system, the brain and spinal cord.
dorsal body
two subdivisions of the dorsal body
cranial activity and vertebral canal
cranial activity houses the: b
brain
vertebral canal houses the:
spinal cord
both brain and spinal cord are covered by membranes called:
meninges
The ventral body cavity houses the vast majority of our internal organs, collectively referred to as the:
Viscera
The ventral body cavity also has two major subdivisions, which are
the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity.
It is more superior to the abdominopelvic cavity and houses primarily the heart and lungs, among other organs.
thoraic cavity
This thoracic cavity is further subdivided into sections:
two lateral pleural cavities, medial medistinun
two lateral pleural cavities encloses a:
lung
a medial mediastinum houses a:
heart and its major blood vessels, in addition to the thymus, the trachea, and the esophagus.
It is enclosed by abdominal muscles
The Abdominopelvic Cavity
The organs of the abdominopelvic cavity are housed within the:
peritoneal cavity
The abdominopelvic cavity is enclosed by abdominal muscles and consists of:
- the more superior abdominal cavity
- the more inferior pelvic cavity
The abdominal cavity contains the majority of the digestive organs, such as:
the stomach, the intestines, and the liver, in addition to the spleen.
The pelvic cavity continues below the pelvis and contains the:
urinary bladder, urethra, rectum of the large intestine, and reproductive organs.
The walls of the body cavities and the surface of internal organs are in contact with membranes called
serous membranes
serous membranes are double layered. The layer that lines the walls of the cavities is called:
Parietal serous membrane
The layer covering the internal organs (the viscera) is
the:
visceral serous membrane
