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ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY PRELIM > CELL STRUCTURES AND THEIR FUNCTIONS > Flashcards

CELL STRUCTURES AND THEIR FUNCTIONS Flashcards

Organelles and Their Locations and Functions

1
Q

Contains genetic material of cell (DNA) and nucleoil; sit of RNA synthesis and ribosomalsubunit assembly

A

nucleus

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2
Q

Location of ribosomes:

A

cytoplasm

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3
Q

Site of protein synthesis

A

Ribosomes

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4
Q

Has many ribosomes attached; site of protein synthesis

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum (rough ER)

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5
Q

site of lipid synthesis; participates in detoxification

A

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

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6
Q

modifies protein structyre and packages proteins in secretory vesicles

A

golgi apparatus

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7
Q

contains materials produced in the cell; formed by the Golgi apparatus; secreted by exocytosis

A

secretory vesicleg

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8
Q

contains enzymes that digest material taken into the cell;formed by the Golgi apparatus

A

lysosome

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9
Q

breaks down fatty acids, amino acids, and hydrogen peroxide

A

perixsome

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10
Q

site of aerobic respiration and the major site of ATP synthesis

A

mitochondrion

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11
Q

supports cytoplasm; assists in cell division and forms components of cillia and flagella

A

microtubule

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12
Q

facilitate the movement of chromosomes during cell division

A

centrioles

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13
Q

move substances over surfaces of certain

A

cillia

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14
Q

propel sperm cells

A

flagella

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15
Q

increase surface area of certain cells

A

microvilli

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16
Q

The chemical reactions that occur within cells are collectively called:

A

cell metabolism.

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17
Q

Energy released during metabolism is used for cell activities, such as the:

A

synthesis of new molecules, muscle contraction, and heat production, which helps maintain body temperature.

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18
Q

Simplest
organisms consist of a single cell.

A

Single-Celled Organisms:

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19
Q

Humans and other complex organisms are
composed of multiple cells.

A

Multicellular Organisms:

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20
Q

Specialized structures within cells that
perform specific functions

A

Organelles:

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21
Q

Contains the cell’s
genetic material.

A

Nucleus

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22
Q

The living
material surrounding the nucleus, containing many
types of organelles.

A

Cytoplasm

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23
Q

Contain well-developed organelles specialized for
synthesizing and secreting proteins.

A

Protein-Secreting Cells

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24
Q

The outermost component of a cell.

A

Cell Membrane or Plasma Membrane

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24
Q

Contain proteins and
organelles that enable them to contract.

A

Muscle Cells

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25
Q

Encloses the cytoplasm and forms the boundary between material inside the cell and
material outside it.

A

Cell Membrane or Plasma Membrane

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26
Q

Substances outside the cell

A

Extracellular substances

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27
Q

Substances inside the cell

A

Cytoplasmic or Intracellular substances

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28
Q

The cell membrane is primarily made up of two major types of molecules:

A

(1) phospholipids and (2) proteins.

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29
Q

This model arises from studies on the arrangement of molecules within the cell membrane.

A

FLUID MOSAID MODEL

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30
Q

The polar, phosphate-containing ends face the extracellular fluid and cytoplasm.

A

Hydrophilic (Water-Loving) Ends:

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31
Q

The nonpolar, fatty acid ends face away from the fluid on either side of the membrane, toward the center of the double layer of phospholipids.

A

Hydrophobic (Water-Fearing) Ends:

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32
Q

Adds strength and stability to the membrane by limiting phospholipid movement.

A

Cholesterol

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33
Q

“float” within the phospholipid membrane, with some spanning from the inner to the outer surface.

A

Proteins

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34
Q

Can bind to proteins, modifying their functions.

A

Membrane Protein

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35
Q

Facilitate the movement of
substances
membrane.
through the cell

A

Membrane Channels and Carrier Molecules:

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36
Q

Play a key role in intercellular
communication.

A

Receptor Molecules:

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37
Q

Enable cell recognition and
coordination of cellular activities.

A

Receptor Molecules:

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38
Q

Higher concentrations of enzymes, glycogen, and
potassium ions (K+).

A

Cytoplasmic (inside the cell):

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39
Q

Higher
concentrations of sodium (Na+), calcium (Ca2+), and chloride (Cl−) ions.

A

Extracellular (outside the cell):

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40
Q

Does not require energy expenditure by the cell.

A

Passive Transport

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41
Q

Substances dissolved in a solvent.

A

SOLUTES

41
Q

Requires energy expenditure by the cell, typically in the form of
ATP.

A

Active Transport

42
Q

The predominant liquid or gas in
which solutes are dissolved.

A
43
Q

Achieved when net movement of
solutes stops, but random motion
continues.

A

Equilibrium

44
Q

larger concentration difference and/or shorter distance

A

steeper gradient

45
Q

Solute
moves from higher to lower
concentration (diffusion).

A

Down (With) the Gradient:

46
Q

Solute moves from lower to higher concentration (requires energy, not diffusion).

A

Up (Against) the Gradient

47
Q

The force needed to prevent water from diffusing through a selectively permeable membrane.

A

Osmotic Pressure

48
Q

It reflects the tendency of water to move toward areas of higher solute concentration.

A

Osmotic Pressure

49
Q

It can be measured by placing a solution in a tube closed at one end by a selectively permeable membrane and immersing the tube in distilled water.

A

Osmotic Pressure

50
Q

lower concentration of solutes compared to the cytoplasm of the cell.

A

Hypotonic

51
Q

same concentration of solutes as the cytoplasm of the cell.

A

Isotonic

52
Q

higher concentration of solutes compared to the cytoplasm of the cell.

A

Hypertonic

53
Q

The cell swells and may burst (lysis) if too much water enters.

A

Hypotonic

54
Q

The cell remains unchanged in size.

A

Isotonic

55
Q

The cell shrinks and may undergo crenation (the process of shrinking and becoming crenated).

A

Hypertonic

56
Q

Can diffuse between phospholipid molecules in cell membranes.

A

Small Water-Soluble Substances:

57
Q

Require specific mechanisms to cross the membrane.

A

Ions and Larger Water-Soluble Substances:

58
Q

A mediated transport process involving membrane proteins (channels or carrier proteins).

A

Facilitated Diffusion

59
Q

Membrane proteins that form passages for ions and some water-soluble substances.

A

Channels

60
Q

Proteins that bind and transport substances across the membrane.

A

Carrier Molecules

61
Q

A process that uses membrane proteins to move substances from regions of lower concentration to regions of higher concentration, against a concentration gradient.

A

Active trasnport

62
Q

A process where the active transport of one substance (e.g., Na+) creates a concentration gradient.

A

SECONDARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT

63
Q

The process where the diffusing substance and the transported substance move in the same direction across the cell membrane.

A

Cotransport:

64
Q

The process where the diffusing substance and the transported substance move in opposite directions across the cell membrane.

A

Countertransport:

65
Q

Large water-soluble molecules, small particles, and whole cells are transported across cell membranes in membrane-bound sacs called vesicles.

A

Vesicle Transport

66
Q

The process of taking material into the cell through vesicle formation.

A

Endocytosis

67
Q

It is crucial for white blood cells to destroy harmful substances in the body.

A

Phagocytosis

68
Q

The release of substances from the cell through the fusion of a vesicle with the cell membrane

A

EXOCYTOSIS

69
Q

A form of endocytosis where solid particles are ingested by the cell.

A

PHAGOCYTOSIS (CELL-EATING)

70
Q

It is a large organelle within the cell, resembling a little nut or the stone of a fruit.

A

nucleus

71
Q

The nuclear envelope consists of two membranes:

A

an outer membrane and an inner membrane, with a narrow space between them.

72
Q

Serve as passageways for
materials to move into or out of the nucleus.

A

Nuclear Pores

73
Q

The nucleus contains most of the cell’s genetic material.
● This genetic material is organized into:

A

23 pairs of chromosomes

74
Q

During most of a cell’s life, chromosomes are _____ and collectively referred to as _____.

A

loosely coiled, chromatin.

75
Q

Genes are portions of ____ _____ within the chromosomes.

A

DNA molecules

76
Q

Are diffuse bodies with no surrounding membrane that are found within the nucleus.

A

NUCLEOLI

77
Q

Also called the Golgi complex, consists of closely packed stacks of curved, membrane-bound sacs .

A

GOLGI APPARATUS

78
Q

It collects, modifies, packages, and distributes proteins and lipids manufactured by the ER.

A

GOLGI APPARATUS

79
Q

Organelles where proteins are produced

A

RIBOSOMES

80
Q

Ribosomes that are not attached to any other
organelle are called:

A

free ribosomes.

81
Q

It is a series of membranes forming sacs and tubules that extends from the outer nuclear membrane into the cytoplasm.

A

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

82
Q

●ER with attached ribosomes.
● A large amount of rough ER in a cell indicates that it is synthesizing large amounts of

A

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

83
Q

● ER without attached ribosomes
● Smooth ER is a site for lipid synthesis and participates in detoxification of
chemicals within cells.
● In skeletal muscle cells, the smooth ER
stores calcium ions (Ca2+).

A

Smooth Endoplas mic Reticulum

84
Q

pinches off from the Golgi apparatus and move to the cell membrane.

A

SECRETORY VESICLES

85
Q

Membrane-bound vesicles formed from the Golgi apparatus.

A

LYSOSOMES

86
Q

They contain a variety of enzymes that function as intracellular digestive systems.

A

LYSOSOMES

87
Q

It is caused by the inability of lysosomal enzymes to break down the carbohydrate glycogen produced in certain cells.

A

Pompe disease

88
Q

Small, membrane-bound vesicles containing enzymes that break down fatty acids, amino acids, and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2).

A

PEROXISOMES

89
Q

It is a byproduct of fatty acid and amino acid breakdown and can be toxic to a cell.

A

Hydrogen peroxide

90
Q

Small organelles with inner and outer membranes separated by a space

A

MITOCHONDRIA

91
Q

The internal framework of the cell.

A

CYTOSKELETON

92
Q

It consists of protein structures that support the cell, hold organelles in place, and enable
the cell to change shape.

A

CYTOSKELETON

93
Q

CYTOSKELETON
These protein structures are:

A

(1) microtubules,
(2) microfilaments, and (3) intermediate filaments.

94
Q

Hollow structures formed from protein subunits.

A

MICROTUBULES

95
Q

Perform a variety of roles, including helping to support the cytoplasm of cells, assisting in cell division, and forming essential components of certain organelles, such as cilia and flagella.

A

MICROTUBULES

96
Q

Small fibrils formed from protein subunits that structurally support the cytoplasm, determining cell shape.

A

MICROFILAMENTS

97
Q

Fibrils formed from protein subunits that are smaller in diameter than microtubules but larger in diameter than microfilaments.

A

INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS

98
Q

A specific type of intermediate filament is
keratin, a protein associated with skin cells

A

INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS

99
Q

Hair-like projections from the surface of cells.

A

Cilia

100
Q

Have a structure similar to that of cilia but are much longer, and they usually occur only one per cell.

A

Flagella

101
Q

Specialized extensions of the cell membrane that are supported by microfilaments, but they do not actively move as cilia and flagella do.

A

Microvilli

102
Q

is the process by which information stored in DNA directs the production of proteins in cells.

A

Gene expression

ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY PRELIM (6 decks)

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