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Ag > Human Nutrition > Flashcards

Human Nutrition Flashcards

Vitamins

1
Q

what are Macro Minerals

A

Calcium, Magnesium, Phosphorus, Chloride, Potassium, Sodium and sulphur

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2
Q

what are trace minerals

A

Chromium, Cobalt, Copper, Fluorine, Iodine, Iron, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Selenium, zinc

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3
Q

Critical Micronutrients Function

A

Bone health
Antioxidants
oxygen Transport
Enzyme Function
Immune Function
Electrolytes in Blood
Other Tissue Function

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4
Q

where is the majority of calcium in the body

A

99%- Part of bone structure and in calcium bank

body fluids 1%
blood, Extracellular fluid and muscle and other tissue

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5
Q

Calcium RDAs

A

1-10 yrs 800mg/d
11-17 1200mg/d
18+ 800mg/d
pregancy 1200mg/d
Lactation 1200mg/d

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6
Q

Foods containing calcium

A

125ml of milk
cheese
youghurt ( 1 small carton)
cottage cheese
canned sardines
6 medium slices of brown bread
5-6 servings of green leafy veg

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7
Q

Calcium Absorption and Metabolism

A

-Calcium concentrations are tightly controlled
-If levels are too high or low ( intestines , kidneys and bones respond)
- Vitamin D , Parathyoird Hormone(PTH), calcitons serves to increase or decrease plasma concentrations.

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8
Q

Metabolic Function 1 of calcium

A

Extraskeletal Calcium
-Vasular contraction and vasodilation
muscle contraction
nerve transmission
Blood clotting

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9
Q

Metabolic Function 2

A

Normal Skeletal growth
- bone turnover/ remodelling
-Formation exceeds breakdown in periods of growth
-early/middle adulthood both processes relatively equal
-Aging adult, bone breakdown exceeds formation

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10
Q

How to determine Calcium Status

A

Dexa
- bone mineral content
bone mineral density

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11
Q

Osteoporosis Definition

A

Normal: BMD within 1 sd of young adult referance mean for the population

Osteopenia: BMD within -1 and -2.5SD

Osteoporosis: BMD more than -2.5

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12
Q

Calcium Deficiency

A

Osteoporosis and reduced bone mass

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13
Q

Calcium Toxicity

A

Kidney stones, Calcification of soft tissue, Absorption of mineral (fe, Zn)

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14
Q

Magnesium Foods

A

whole grains, legumes, Green leafy veg

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15
Q

Magnesium RDA

A

320ug women
420ug Men

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16
Q

Magnesium Metabolic Function

A

> 300 Enzymes reaction
- Glucose—Pyruvate
- Beta oxidation of fatty acids ( breakdown of FAs
-protein synthesis

Bone Development and maintenance ( structure)
DNA synthesis
ATP Production
Muscle contraction and blood clotting
Support Normal function of Immune system

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17
Q

Magnesium Deficiency

A

Not a problem in healthy population
- Rare genetic abnormality
-hypocalcemia ( blood) and hypocalciuria ( urine)
- Abnormal Neuromuscular Functions

18
Q

Magnesium Toxicity

A

Not usually from food intake
- change in mental status, nausea, diarrhoea, muscle weakness , extremely low blood pressure

19
Q

Phosphorus Make up in the body

A

Skeleton (85%)
Soft tissue ( 15%)

20
Q

PHOSPHORUS foods

A

Milk, cheese, youghurt, eggs, chicken, beef, turkey, salmon,

21
Q

Phosphorus RDAs

A

1-10yrs 300-400mg/d
11-17yrs 625-775mg/d
18+ 550
pregnancy 950

22
Q

Phosphorus Metabolic Function

A

Structure
Phosphorus occurs as Hydroxyapatite in bone
-phospholipids, major component of most biological membranes are important for lipid transport
- Part of DNA

23
Q

More Phosphorus Metabolic Function

A

Maintains Ph buffer ( acid or alkali)
energy storage ( ATP; phosphate groups )
phosphorylation ( activation of enzymes )

24
Q

Phosphorus Deficiency (rare)

A

Hypohosphatemia
Anorexia, anaemia, muscle weakness, rickets , increased infection

25
Q

Phosphorus Toxicity

A

Hormone Control of calcium
calcification of tissue, particularly the kidneys

26
Q

What composition in the Body

A

45-70% water
- Adipose 10%
- Lean 76%

27
Q

What is body water made up of ?

A

Electrolytes- sodium, potassium, calcium, Magnesium, Chloride, Phosphate

28
Q

What mineral is the principal positively charges

A

Potassium

29
Q

What mineral is positively charged in extracellular fluid

A

Sodium

30
Q

What is the membrane potential ?

A

The concentration difference between potassium and sodium across cell membranes creating an electrochemical gradient

31
Q

How is membrane Potential maintained ?

A

ion pumps in the cell membrane

32
Q

Sodium/ Metabolic Metabolic function

A

Electrolytes, work with NaCl to maintain fluid balance.
During nerve impulse transmission and muscle contractions potassium and sodium switch places .

Na+/k+ -ATPase pump

restores intracellular and extracellular concentrations

33
Q

NaCl metabolic function ; Electrolytes

A

Na+ and Cl- predominate in extracellular fluids.

Potassium and phosphate intracellular fluids

34
Q

NaCl Function 2

A

Move across cell membrane by active transport

water moves to areas of high Na+ and/or Cl-

body couples active transport of ions with passive movement of water to regulate fluid balance in various fluid compartments of the body.

35
Q

NaCl Function

A

Sodium:
-Nerve conduction, Muscle contraction
- active cellular transport
- (Na+/K+ ATPase pump)
-Formation of mineral apatite of bone (75%) chloride
- Production of HCL in the stomach.

36
Q

NaCl Absorption and Metabolism

A

-Bioavailability is high
One absorption mechanism involves glucose.
-some absorbed in the colon
- major extretion route is urine, and sweat

37
Q

NaCl absorption and metabolism

A

blood levels tightly controlled:
- hyponatremia( ^aldosterone- kidney retain Na)

-hypernatremia (low aldosterone- Na excreted in urine)

38
Q

Potassium

A

Major INTRAcellular electrolyte
- 905 absorbed
- as with sodium the kidney regulates excretion
-aldosterone has opposite effect ( ^ NACl, low K)

  • excreted in urine
39
Q

Potassium foods

A

Legumnes, Nuts, meat, fish, bannas spinach and potatoes

40
Q

NA, CL, K deficiency

A

rare
nausea, muscle cramps, confusion

Ag (4 decks)

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