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Human Nutrition Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are anabolic metabolisms

A

Simple molecules to complex ones, E.G Photosynthesis

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2
Q

Water + Carbon =

A

Glucose + Oxygen

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3
Q

Anabolic enzyme =

A

DNA polymerase

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4
Q

What is DNA polymerase

A

a type of enzyme that is responsible for forming new copies of DNA, in the form of nucleic acid molecules

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5
Q

What are catabolic metabolisms

A

Complex to simple, E.G Respiration

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6
Q

Glucose + Oxygen =

A

CO2 + H2O + Energy

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6
Q

Give 1 catabolic enzyme

A

Amalyse (Starch)

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7
Q

What are Enzymes

A

Biological catalysts made of protein that speed up a reaction without being used in the reaction

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8
Q

What shape are enzymes folded into

A

Globular shape (Globe)

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9
Q

Why are enzymes folded into Globular shapes

A

So it fits neatly with the substance its working on

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10
Q

What is the substance that enzymes are working on called

A

Substrates

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11
Q

What is the end result of an enzyme working on a substrate called

A

The Product

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12
Q

Enzyme + Substrate =

A

Product + Enzyme

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13
Q

Amlayse + Starch =

A

Maltose + Enzyme

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14
Q

What is the part of the enzyme which attaches to the substrate

A

Active site

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15
Q

What happens when the substrate enters the active site

A

It causes it to change shape slightly

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16
Q

What do the substrate and the enzyme form

A

Enzyme-substrate complex

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17
Q

What are broken or added to the substrate

A

Bonds

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18
Q

Why are enzymes so specific

A

Because they only work with one particular substrate

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19
Q

When do enzymes become de-natured

A

When they loose their ability to change shapes

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20
Q

What 2 ways do enzymes become de-natured

A

Unsuitable temperatures and unsuitable pH

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21
Q

What does a rise in temperature cause to enzymes and substrates

A

increase in movement and reaction rates

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22
Q

How does the active site become de-natured

A

Above a certain temperature the reaction drops dramatically causing them to de-nature

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23
Q

What is the term when of an enzymes preferred temp range

A

Optimal values

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24
Q

What temperature do human enzymes usually work best at

A

37 degrees C

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25
Q

What temperature and pH do plant enzymes usually work best at

A

20-30 degrees C and a pH of 6-7

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26
Q

What are the 6 elements present in food

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Sulfur

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27
Q

What 3 elements are found in tiny amounts in food

A

Iron, Copper, Zinc

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28
Q

What are the 4 Biomolecules found in food

A

Carbohydrates, Fats, Proteins, Vitamins

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29
Q

What are the 3 categories of carbs

A

Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Polysaccharides

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30
Q

Where is Cellulose found

A

Cell Walls (structural)

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31
Q

Where is Glycogen stored

A

Muscles and liver

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32
Q

What 2 elements to lipids contain

A

Carbon and hydrogen

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33
Q

What are fats in terms of lipids

A

Fats are lipids at room temp. (20C)

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34
Q

What are oils in terms of lipids

A

Oils are lipids which are liquid at room temp.

35
Q

What molecule are lipids made from

A

Glycerol

36
Q

What is the structure are lipids made from

A

Triglyceride

37
Q

What are Phospholipids

A

When the fatty acids are replaced by a phosphate

38
Q

Where are Phospholipids found

A

Cell Membrane

39
Q

What is the metabolic role of fats

A

The release of energy in respiration

40
Q

What 4 elements do protein contain

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen

41
Q

What is less than 20 amino acids known as

A

Peptide

42
Q

When amino acids contain more than 20-30, what is it called

A

Polypeptide

43
Q

What is protein in terms of polypeptides

A

When the protein has more than 200 amino acids

44
Q

What 2 shapes are proteins folded into to determine their function

A

Fibrous e.g Keratein and Globular e.g Enzymes

45
Q

How are excess amino acids released from the body

A

Deamination

46
Q

What % of the body does water take up

A

60%

47
Q

What % of a plant does water take up

A

99%

48
Q

What is the purpose of water in the body

A

To maintain body temp.

49
Q

What is the definition of digestion

A

The breakdown of chemicals (enzymes) and/or physical means (teeth)

50
Q

Give 2 reasons food needs to be broken down

A

To avoid chocking, Allow for diffusion into the bloodstream

51
Q

What are autotrophs

A

Can make their own food (plants)

52
Q

What are Heterotrophs

A

Must obtain food from another source (humans)

53
Q

What are the 3 sub categories of Heterotrophs

A

Herbivores, omnivores, Carnivores

54
Q

What are the 4 main stages of digestion

A

Ingestion, Digestion, Absorption and Egestion

55
Q

What does chemical digestion begin with

A

Amylase in the mouth

56
Q

What does amylase break down

A

Starch (amylose)

57
Q

What breaks protein down into peptides

A

Pepsin

58
Q

What does lipase break down to

A

Lipids/fat to glycerol and fatty acids

59
Q

What food is chewed and mixed with saliva what does it form

A

Bolus

60
Q

What flap covers the trachea when swallowing

A

epiglottis

61
Q

What muscles transports food down the esophagus

A

Peristalsis

62
Q

What does food enter the stomach through

A

Cardiac Sphinter

63
Q

What is the stomach wall protected by to prevent HCL from digesting the food

A

Mucous

64
Q

What is the purpose of HCL

A

To kill bacteria and activate pepsinogen

65
Q

What is gastric juices known as after its churned

A

Chyme

66
Q

What does Chyme leave the stomach through

A

Pyloric sphinter

67
Q

What does the Chyme enter into the first part of the Small intestine

A

Duodenum

68
Q

What is 3 things are added to the chyme after it enters the small intestine

A

Bile, Emulsified fats, lipase (from pancreas)

69
Q

What 3 things neutralizes chyme

A

Insulin, Amylase, sodium bicarbonate

70
Q

What is the second part of the small intestine called

A

Ileum

71
Q

What is the lining of the Ileum made up of

A

Millions of Villi and Microvilli

72
Q

What occurs through the the villi

A

Absorption by diffusion

73
Q

How are villi adapted

A

Large surface area and one cell thick

74
Q

What is the main part of the Large intestine called

A

Colon

75
Q

What is the function of the colon

A

To reabsorb water to leave a semi solid waste

76
Q

What is the biological name for waste

A

Feces

77
Q

Where are feces stored

A

In the rectum

78
Q

What are the 2 benefits of Symbiotic Bacteria

A

Producing B vitamins and vitamin K and Preventing the growth of disease

79
Q

If Symbiotic Bacteria does not prevent the growth of disease what bacteria is formed

A

Pathogenic Bacteria

80
Q

Where do capillaries found in villi carry the absorbed nutrients to

A

The Hepatic Portal Vein

81
Q

What is The Hepatic Portal Vein

A

A blood vessel which begins and ends in capillaries

82
Q

Where does the The Hepatic Portal Vein carry nutrients to

A

The liver

83
Q

What does the liver turn amino acids into

A

Urea (urine)

84
Q

What does the liver convert glucose to to store

A

Glycogen

85
Q

What does the liver do in relation to alcohol

A

Detoxified the body (Breaks down alcohol)

Biology (6 decks)

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