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Biology > Human nutrition > Flashcards

Human nutrition Flashcards

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1
Q

What should be included in a balanced diet?

A
  • carbohydrates
  • proteins
  • lipids
  • vitamins
  • minerals
  • water
  • dietary fibres
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2
Q

What are the sources, functions and deficiencies of carbohydrates?

A
  • bread, potatos, pasta
  • provides energy, fuel for respiration
  • lack of energy
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3
Q

What are the sources, functions and deficiencies of proteins?

A
  • fish, meat, nuts
  • growth and repair of tissues, makes enzymes
  • kwashiokor
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4
Q

What are the sources, functions and deficiencies of lipids?

A
  • butter, oil, seeds
  • energy store, insulation, makes cell membranes
  • lack of energy, cell membranes not formed
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5
Q

What are the sources, functions and deficiencies of vitimin A?

A
  • eggs, meat, dairy products
  • makes chemical in the retina, protects eye
  • blindness, bad eyesight
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6
Q

What are the sources, functions and deficiencies of vitimin C?

A
  • citrus fruits, green peppers, tomatoes
  • makes connective tissues
  • scurvy
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7
Q

What are the sources, functions and deficiencies of vitimin D?

A
  • cheese, butter, fish
  • needed for absorption of calcium in bones
  • rickets, osteoporosis
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8
Q

What are the sources, functions and deficiencies of mineral calcium?

A
  • dairy products
  • strong teeth and bones
  • rickets, osteoporosis
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9
Q

What are the sources, functions and deficiencies of mineral irons?

A
  • red meat
  • make haemoglobin on red blood cells to carry oxygen
  • anaemia
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10
Q

What are the sources, functions and deficiencies of water?

A
  • liquids
  • provide medium for chemical reactions to occur
  • dehydration
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11
Q

What are the sources, functions and deficiency of dietary fibres?

A
  • wholegrains, cellulose cell walls
  • provides roughage for muscles of gut to move food through intestine
  • constipation, bowel cancer
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12
Q

How do energy requirements vary?

A

age
children and teens need more - growing + more active
activity level
more active = more energy
sex
males have more muscle = more energy required
pregnant women
require more energy
breast feeding women
need more energy to produce milk

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12
Q

How does food move through the gut by peristalsis?

A

circular muscles contract and longitudinal muscles relax above and around bolus -> pushes bolus downwards

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13
Q

Where is bile produced and stored?

A

produced in liver, stored in gall bladder

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14
Q

What are the functions of bile?

A

neutralises stomach acid and emulsifies lipids

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15
Q

How is the small intestine adapted for absorption?

A
  • long - 8m
  • highly folded - increased SA
  • tiny projections called villi - max SA
16
Q

What does amylase do, where is it made and where does it do stuff

A
  • digests starch into maltose
  • made in salivary gland + pancreas
  • acts in mouth + small intestine
17
Q

What does maltase do, where is it made and where does it do stuff

A
  • digests maltose into glucose
  • added by small intestine walls
  • acts in small intestine
18
Q

What does pepsin do, where is it made and where does it do stuff

A
  • digests protein into peptides
  • acts in stomach
19
Q

What does trypsin do, where is it made and where does it do stuff

A
  • digests proteins into peptides
  • made by pancreas
  • acts in small intestine
20
Q

What does peptidase do, where is it made and where does it do stuff

A
  • digests peptides into amino acids
  • added by small intestine walls
  • acts in small intestine
21
Q

What does lipase do, where is it made and where does it do stuff

A
  • digests lipids into fatty acids + glycerol
  • made in pancreas
  • acts in small intestine
22
Q

Describe the structure and function of the human alimentary canal

including the: mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine (duodenum and ileum), large intestine (colon and rectum) and pancreas

A

MOUTH
* salivary glands produce saliva - contains salivary amylase
* food bolus (ball) travels to stomach via the oesophagus
OESOPHAGUS
* food moves by peristalsis: the longitudinal muscles relax and circular muscles contract around the bolus
STOMACH
* does the 2 types of digestion
* walls of stomach secrete HCl - kills bacteria + creates acidic environment (pepsin works optimally at pH2)
* food enters duodenum via the sphincter muscle several hrs later
SMALL INTESTINE - DUODENUM
* pancreatic enzymes are released into the duodenum via the pancreatic duct
* bile neutralises HCl (optimum pH for pancreatic enzymes) + emulsifies fat (breaks down to larger SA for lipase to work)
* food passes through small intestine by peristalsis, small intestine walls add enzymes to food
SMALL INTESTINE - ILEUM
* digested food molecules absorbed into blood capillaries in villi
* fat absorbed into the lacteal (part of the lymphatic system)
* blood capillaries join up to form the hepatic protal vein which goes to the liver
* blood then carries food around body to the body cells
* soluble food molecules pass from blood to body cells where its used to build new parts of cells - assimilation
EGESTION - ELIMINATION OF WASTE
* colon absorbs water, leaving semi solid waste (faeces)
* rectum stores faeces
* anus expels faeces

23
Q

What are the 2 types of digestion and how do they happen?

(and give examples)

A
  • mechanical digestion: food is churned by muscles contracting - eg. chewing (mastication)
  • chemical digestion: enzyme pepsin digests protein into peptides (short chains of amino acids) - eg. enzymes

Biology (7 decks)

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