Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology 9. > Human nutrition > Flashcards

Human nutrition Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define physical/mechanical digestion?

A

Is the digestion by physically breaking food into smaller pieces without any chemical changes (i.e not using enzymes).
Carried by :
- mouth and teeth and chewing food.
- stomach churning food.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does the physical digestion help in?

A
  • to increase the surface area of food for the enzymes during chemical digestion.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How is physical digestion carried out?

A

It is mainly carried out by:
- the chewing action of the teeth.
- churning action of the stomach.
- and the emulsification of bile in the duodenum.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How many permanent teeth are there?

A

32 permanent teeth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How many milk or deciduous teeth are there?

A

20 teeth. They fall out when the kid is about 7 years old. (they start to grow when the child is about 5 months old)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the type of teeth?

A

Incisors, canines, pre-molar and molars

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Define the function of Incisors?

A

Incisors are rectangular shape and are sharp for cutting and bitting food into chewable pieces.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Define canines function?

A

(located at the corners)
Sharp and pointed for tearing and bitting food.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Define the functions of pre-molar?

A

Have a blunt/flat surface for chewing and grinding food.
-have 1 or 2 roots.
-bumps at the end.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Define the functions of molars?

A

Have a flat surface for chewing and grinding.
- 2 or 3 roots
- ridges at the end

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the structure of a teeth?

A

-crown (covered with enamel)
- Root is the part that is embedded in the gums).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the parts of a teeth?

A
  • enamel
  • dentine
  • pulp cavity (containing blood vessels and nerves)
  • gum
  • cement
  • jawbone
    (in between are fibres attaching tooth to jawbone)
  • blood capillaries
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the function of the enamel?

A
  • protects the pulp from forces.
  • strongest tissue in the boddy
  • made from calcium salts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the function of cement?

A

Helps to anchor the tooth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the function of pulp?

A

contains tooth-producing cells, blood vessels, and nerve endings which detect pain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the function of dentine?

A
  • To provide support to the enamel.
  • calcium salts deposited on a framework of collagen fibres
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Describe how dental decay occurs?

A
  • bacteria builds up around the leftover food particles in your teeth.
  • they respire the sugars in the food forming an acid.
  • this acid dissolves the enamel, forming small holes called “cavities”.
  • once those holes grow deep enough to reach your dentine, the acid dissolves the dentine as well.
  • these cavities bring the outside of the tooth closer to the nerves in the pulp.
  • the acids irritates the nerve endings on those nerves causing a toothache.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Define plaque

A

Bacteria and substances from the saliva forms a sticky film over the teeth called Plaque.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Define dental decay?

A

Dental decay occurs due to​ bacteria​coating the teeth. When the bacteria respire using sugars from food, they produce​ acidic substances​. This acidity​ dissolves the enamel​on the outer layer of the teeth and then the dentine on the inside, leading to tooth decay.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How take care of teeth properly?

A
  • brush your teeth twice a day with fluoride tooth paste and floss your teeth daily.
  • visit your dentist at least once every month.
  • Eat well balanced diet.
  • Avoid smoking.
  • Eat calcium and vitamin C rich food.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the different process in digestive system?

A
  1. Ingestion
  2. Absorption
  3. Assimilation
  4. Egestion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Define the peristalsis movement?

A

The muscles in the alimentary canal contracts and relax to make food move along. This movement is known as the peristalsis movement.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Define Ingestion?

A

Taking in substances (I. E food or drinks) into the body through the mouth.

23
Q

Define Absorption?

A

the movement of small food molecules and ions through the wall of the intestine into the blood

24
Q

Define Assimilation?

A

the movement of digested food molecules into the cells of the body where they are used, becoming part of the cells.

25
Q

Define Egestion?

A

the passing out of food that has not been digested or absorbed, as faeces, through the anus

26
Q

Define the function of Mouth in digestion?

A

Teeth chew food to break it into smaller pieces and increase its surface area to volume ratio.

27
Q

What Is the function of salivary glands in digestion ?

A

produces saliva, which contains amylase(starts the digestion of starch into maltose) and saliva helps food slide down the oesophagus

28
Q

What is the function of oesophagus in digestion?

A

tube-shaped organ that uses peristalsis movement (circular muscle contract and relax) to transport food from mouth to stomach

29
Q

What is the function of stomach in digestion?

A
  • Food is further broken down by the churning actions.
  • protease enzymes starts to digest proteins.
  • Hydrochloric acid present to kill bacteria in food and provide the optimum pH for protease enzymes to work.
30
Q

What are the 3 parts of small intestine?

A
  • Duodenum.
  • jejunum.
  • ileum.
31
Q

What is the function of duodenum in the small intestine during digestion?

A

Is where the food coming out from the stomach finishes being digested by the enzymes present here and also secreted from the pancreas.

32
Q

What is the function of ileum in the small intestine during digestion?

A

This is where Absorption of digested food molecules takes place adapted by having villi.

33
Q

What’s the function of pancreas in digestion?

A
  • produces amylase, lipase and protease.
  • secretes enzymes in an alkaline fluid into the duodenum to raise pH of fluid coming out of the stomach.
34
Q

What is the function of liver in digestion?

A
  • produces bile to emulsify fats.
  • deamination to form urea.
  • breaks down toxins and Alcohol (detoxification).
35
Q

What is the function of gallbladder in digestion?

A

Stores bile from liver to release in to duodenum.

36
Q

What is the function of rectum in the large intestine during digestion?

A

where faeces are temporarily stored

37
Q

What is the function of colon in the large intestine during digestion?

A

Organ for Absorption of minerals and vitamins and reabsorbing water from waste to maintain the body’s water levels

38
Q

What is the function of anus in the large intestine during digestion?

A

a ring of muscle that controls when faeces is released.

39
Q

Define chemical digestion?

A

the breakdown of large, insoluble molecules into small, soluble molecules

40
Q

What are the different enzymes that are used in digestion?

A
  • Amylase
  • pepsin
  • trypsin
  • lipase
  • Maltase
  • sucrose
  • lactase
  • peptidase
41
Q

Explain the role of amylase?

A

Amylase is produces in the salivary glands and pancreas.
- It breaks down starch into maltose.

42
Q

Explain the role of pepsin?

A

Pepsin is an protease Enzyme secreted in gastric juice from the Stomach that breaks proteins into amino acids.

43
Q

Explain the role of trypsin?

A

Trypsin is also a protease Enzyme that breaks proteins into amino acids.
However it is secreted into the duodenum from pancreas.

44
Q

Explain the role of lipase?

A

are produced in the pancreas and secreted into the duodenum
They digest lipids/fats into fatty acids and glycerol

45
Q

Explain the role of maltase?

A

It is secreted from the small intestine (ileum part) and breaks down maltose in glucose.

46
Q

What’s the function of Hydrochloric acid in the gastric (in the Stomach)?

A
  • killing any enzymes in harmful micro-organisms
  • giving the optimum pH for pepsin activity.
  • kills pathogens.
47
Q

Define bile?

A

an alkaline mixture that neutralises the acid mixture of food and gastric juices entering the duodenum from the stomach to provide a suitable pH for enzyme action.

48
Q

Define bile salts?

A

Is a greenish-yellow fluid that breaks down fats into fatty acids.

49
Q

What is the function of bile salts?

A
  • emulsifying fat globules into smaller droplets.
  • Helps breakdown of fats.
  • aid digestion.
  • Absorbs important vitamins and eliminates toxins.
50
Q

What are the main functions of liver?

A

1- Iron storage: stores vitamin B12 (which is necessary for the maturation of red blood cells). And iron for the manufacture of haemoglobin.
2- Detoxification: Removes toxins from the blood such as Alcohol.
3- Heat production: heat is formed due to numerous chemical activities in the liver and is distributed by the blood to parts of the body to, thus helping to maintain the body temperature.

51
Q

Define the liver disease “cirrhosis”?

A

High levels of alcohol in the blood eventually lead to liver disease called “cirrhosis”

52
Q

Define villi?

A

Villi are finger-like projections which are richly supplied with blood vessels

53
Q

What is Micro villi?

A

Are the small projections on each of the epithelial cells in the villi.

54
Q

What are the functions of the villi?

A
  • help in the absorption of nutrients by increasing the surface area for absorption.
  • villi’s have thin walls so that food molecules diffuses over a shorter distance.
  • the lacteal transports fats away from the small intestine.
  • the capillaries transport sugars and amino acids.
55
Q

What is the adaptation of small intestine (with villi)?

A

Nutrients are absorbed across the wall of the intestine and into the Capillaries or lacteal.
- the transport of food away from the small intestine sets up a concentration for diffusion.
- Glucose or amino acids are absorbed by diffusion or active transport.
- fatty acids and glycerol are absorbed by the epithelial cells.
- water is absorbed by passive diffusion. And salts and minerals are absorbed in the ileum.
- the food eventually leaves the small intestine and enters the large intestine.

56
Q

Explain the adaptation of large intestine?

A
  • colon Absorbs the remaining water and minerals that had not been Absorbed by the small intestine.
  • The undigested waste matter moves along to the large intestine by peristalsis getting progressively drier.
  • the waste matter ends up at the rectum where it is stored before it can be eliminated from the body through anus.

Biology 9. (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions