human nut final part 1 Flashcards
What percentage of women and men suffer from anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder according to large national surveys?
Anorexia nervosa: 0.9% women, 0.3% men; Bulimia nervosa: 0.5% women, 0.1% men; Binge eating disorder: 3.5% women, 2% men.
According to the passage, what are the multiple factors that experts believe contribute to the development of eating disorders?
Sociocultural, psychological, and neurochemical factors.
Why are athletes, such as Suzanne, mentioned as being among those most likely to develop eating disorders?
Athletes, including gymnasts, may face excessive pressure to maintain a specific weight for their sport, leading to disordered eating patterns.
What is relative energy deficiency, and how does it develop in athletes like David?
Relative energy deficiency occurs when an athlete’s diet provides insufficient energy for their physical activity. David experiences this by drastically restricting food and fluid intake to make weight for wrestling matches.
Why might athletes engage in disordered eating, and what are some risk factors mentioned in the passage?
Athletes may engage in disordered eating due to unsuitable weight standards. Risk factors include young age, pressure to excel, focus on an “ideal” body weight, and participation in sports that emphasize a lean appearance.
What are some physical consequences of prolonged inadequate energy intake discussed in relation to anorexia nervosa?
Consequences include nutrient deficiencies, chronic fatigue, increased risk of infections, heart disease, amenorrhea, bone losses, and stress fractures.
What is the multidisciplinary approach recommended for the treatment of anorexia nervosa, and what are the key objectives of dietary interventions?
The approach involves teams of professionals. Dietary objectives include stopping weight loss, establishing regular eating patterns, and tailoring diets to individual needs. The ultimate goal is to achieve recovery and prevent relapse.
According to the passage, what is the general outcome for individuals treated for anorexia nervosa, and what factors influence the success of treatment?
About half of women treated can maintain their body weight at 85% or more of a healthy weight. Success is influenced by factors such as response to treatment, relapse into abnormal eating behaviors, and overall mortality rates.
How does the passage describe the distorted body image characteristic of anorexia nervosa, using Julie as an example?
Anorexia nervosa involves a distorted body image where individuals, like Julie, overestimate their body fatness, seeing themselves as fat even when dangerously underweight.
What is orthorexia nervosa, and why is it mentioned in the context of disordered eating?
Orthorexia nervosa is disordered eating in the name of health, characterized by obsessive focus on diet and exercise. It is mentioned to highlight the potential negative consequences of obsessive health-related behaviors.
What percentage of US adults are underweight?
Fewer than 2 percent of US adults are underweight.
What are some potential causes of being underweight mentioned in the passage?
Underweight may be due to malnutrition, smoking habits, substance abuse, or illnesses.
Why is a complete assessment necessary for underweight individuals?
Weight and fat measures alone would not reveal underlying causes, and a complete assessment, including a diet and medical history, physical examination, and laboratory tests, is required.
How does underweight affect individuals facing wasting diseases like cancer?
Underweight individuals may struggle to preserve lean tissue during the fight against wasting diseases, increasing mortality risks.
What health risks are associated with underweight women?
Underweight women may experience menstrual irregularities, infertility, and an increased risk of giving birth to unhealthy infants.
What is the financial cost of obesity-related illnesses to the nation annually?
Obesity-related illnesses cost the nation $147 billion annually, comparable to or exceeding the medical costs of smoking.
What is the relationship between obesity and cardiovascular disease risk?
Obesity is strongly linked to elevated blood cholesterol and hypertension, increasing the risk of heart attack and stroke.
What diseases are associated with chronic inflammation in obesity?
Chronic inflammation in obesity contributes to diseases like diabetes, hypertension, and atherosclerosis, forming a cluster known as the metabolic syndrome.
How does weight loss affect insulin resistance and inflammation in obese individuals?
Weight loss can effectively reverse atherosclerosis and lower both blood cholesterol and blood pressure in overweight and obese people, improving inflammation and the metabolic syndrome.
How does weight gain after the age of 18 influence the risk of developing diabetes?
A weight gain of more than 10 pounds after the age of 18 doubles the risk of developing diabetes, even in adults of average weight.
What is the relationship between inflammation and the metabolic syndrome?
Chronic inflammation in obesity contributes to the metabolic syndrome, increasing the risks for diabetes, hypertension, and atherosclerosis.
How does obesity influence the risk of developing some cancers?
The duration and severity of overweight or obesity increase the risk of developing some cancers, possibly due to elevated levels of hormones or chronic inflammation.
What is “healthy obesity,” and how stable is this condition over time?
Healthy obesity refers to obese individuals with normal blood pressure, blood glucose, and blood lipids. It appears to be a relatively unstable condition, transitioning to unhealthy over time.
Does BMI alone provide a complete picture of health risks?
No, BMI and weight gains/losses do not tell the whole story. Physical activity and fitness also play major roles in health and longevity.
hat limitations do weight measures have in assessing disease risk, according to the passage?
Weight measures fail to reveal how much of the weight is fat and where the fat is located.
What factors determine the ideal amount of body fat for athletes? Provide the recommended percentage range for young men and young women athletes.
The ideal amount of body fat for athletes depends on providing fuel, insulation, protection, nerve impulse transmission, and hormone support. For young men, the recommended percentage is 7 to 16 percent, and for young women, it is 15 to 22 percent.
How does body fat distribution impact health, and what health risks are associated with central obesity independently of BMI?
Excessive visceral fat stored around abdominal organs contributes significantly to heart disease, cancers, diabetes, and related deaths independently of BMI.
Explain the differences in body fat distribution between men and women.
Men typically have more visceral fat, especially past menopause, while women, during their reproductive years, commonly have lower body fat around the hips and thighs.
What is waist circumference, and how is it related to central obesity? Provide the recommended measurements for women and men indicating a high risk of central obesity-related health problems.
Waist circumference is an anthropometric measurement used to assess abdominal fat. Women with a waist circumference greater than 35 inches and men with a waist circumference greater than 40 inches have a high risk of central obesity–related health problems.
- what is the expected waist circumfrence to a perosn height?
- Explain the significance of the waist-to-height ratio in assessing disease risks.
Waist circumference should be less than half of a person’s height, and the waist-to-height ratio is a useful measure of disease risks. As waist circumference increases, disease risks also increase.
What are some other methods mentioned in the passage for estimating body fat and its distribution, apart from BMI and waist circumference?
Other methods include total body water, radioactive potassium count, near-infrared spectrophotometry, ultrasound, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging.
How does the passage describe the correlation between body weight, body fat, and disease risks?
Body weight and body fat correlate with disease risks, suggesting a greater likelihood of developing chronic diseases and shortening life expectancy for those with a higher BMI and waist circumference.
What is the relationship between BMI and mortality, and what does the J-shaped curve describe?
The J-shaped curve describes the relationship between BMI and mortality, indicating that both underweight and overweight present risks of premature death. Mortality risks are lowest when BMI ranges between about 20 and 30.
What independent factors, mentioned in the passage, can influence health risks irrespective of BMI? Provide examples.
Factors such as smoking habits raise health risks, while physical fitness lowers them. The passage provides an example of a man with a BMI of 22 who smokes and a woman with a BMI of 32 who engages in brisk walking.
What percentage of US adults are underweight?
: Fewer than 2 percent of US adults are underweight.
Q: What are some potential causes of being underweight mentioned in the passage?
A: Underweight may be due to malnutrition, smoking habits, substance abuse, or illnesses.
Q: Why is a complete assessment necessary for underweight individuals?
A: Weight and fat measures alone would not reveal underlying causes, and a complete assessment, including a diet and medical history, physical examination, and laboratory tests, is required.
Q: How does underweight affect individuals facing wasting diseases like cancer?
A: Underweight individuals may struggle to preserve lean tissue during the fight against wasting diseases, increasing mortality risks.
Q: What health risks are associated with underweight women?
A: Underweight women may experience menstrual irregularities, infertility, and an increased risk of giving birth to unhealthy infants.
What is the financial cost of obesity-related illnesses to the nation annually?
Obesity-related illnesses cost the nation $147 billion annually, comparable to or exceeding the medical costs of smoking.
Q: What is the relationship between obesity and cardiovascular disease risk?
A: Obesity is strongly linked to elevated blood cholesterol and hypertension, increasing the risk of heart attack and stroke.
Q: What diseases are associated with chronic inflammation in obesity?
A: Chronic inflammation in obesity contributes to diseases like diabetes, hypertension, and atherosclerosis, forming a cluster known as the metabolic syndrome.
Q: How does weight loss affect insulin resistance and inflammation in obese individuals?
A: Weight loss can effectively reverse atherosclerosis and lower both blood cholesterol and blood pressure in overweight and obese people, improving inflammation and the metabolic syndrome.
How does weight gain after the age of 18 influence the risk of developing diabetes?
A weight gain of more than 10 pounds after the age of 18 doubles the risk of developing diabetes, even in adults of average weight.
Q: What is the relationship between inflammation and the metabolic syndrome?
A: Chronic inflammation in obesity contributes to the metabolic syndrome, increasing the risks for diabetes, hypertension, and atherosclerosis.
How does obesity influence the risk of developing some cancers?
: possibly due to elevated levels of hormones or chronic inflammation.
Q: What is “healthy obesity,” and how stable is this condition over time?
A: “Healthy obesity” refers to obese individuals with normal blood pressure, blood glucose, and blood lipids. It appears to be a relatively unstable condition, transitioning to unhealthy over time.
Q: Does BMI alone provide a complete picture of health risks?
: No, BMI and weight gains/losses do not tell the whole story. Physical activity and fitness also play major roles in health and longevity.
According to the passage, what are the multiple factors that experts believe contribute to the development of eating disorders?
Sociocultural, psychological, and neurochemical factors.
Why are athletes, such as Suzanne, mentioned as being among those most likely to develop eating disorders?
A: Athletes, including gymnasts, may face excessive pressure to maintain a specific weight for their sport, leading to disordered eating patterns.
What is relative energy deficiency, and how does it develop in athletes like David?
A: Relative energy deficiency occurs when an athlete’s diet provides insufficient energy for their physical activity. David experiences this by drastically restricting food and fluid intake to make weight for wrestling matches.
Why might athletes engage in disordered eating, and what are some risk factors mentioned in the passage?
A: Athletes may engage in disordered eating due to unsuitable weight standards. Risk factors include young age, pressure to excel, focus on an “ideal” body weight, and participation in sports that emphasize a lean appearance.
According to the passage, what is the general outcome for individuals treated for anorexia nervosa, and what factors influence the success of treatment?
A: About half of women treated can maintain their body weight at 85% or more of a healthy weight. Success is influenced by factors such as response to treatment, relapse into abnormal eating behaviors, and overall mortality rates.
How does the passage describe the distorted body image characteristic of anorexia nervosa, using Julie as an example?
A: Anorexia nervosa involves a distorted body image where individuals, like Julie, overestimate their body fatness, seeing themselves as fat even when dangerously underweight.
What is orthorexia nervosa, and why is it mentioned in the context of disordered eating?
A: Orthorexia nervosa is disordered eating in the name of health, characterized by obsessive focus on diet and exercise. It is mentioned to highlight the potential negative consequences of obsessive health-related behaviors.
What is the multidisciplinary approach recommended for the treatment of anorexia nervosa, and what are the key objectives of dietary interventions?
A: The approach involves teams of professionals. Dietary objectives include stopping weight loss, establishing regular eating patterns, and tailoring diets to individual needs. The ultimate goal is to achieve recovery and prevent relapse.
What percentage of women and men suffer from anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder according to large national surveys?
A: Anorexia nervosa: 0.9% women, 0.3% men; Bulimia nervosa: 0.5% women, 0.1% men; Binge eating disorder: 3.5% women, 2% men.
What are some physical consequences of prolonged inadequate energy intake discussed in relation to anorexia nervosa?
A: Consequences include nutrient deficiencies, chronic fatigue, increased risk of infections, heart disease, amenorrhea, bone losses, and stress fractures.
What is the role of chromium in the body?
Chromium participates in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism.
How does chromium help maintain glucose homeostasis?
Chromium enhances the activity of the hormone insulin.
What happens when chromium is lacking in the diet?
A diabetes-like condition may develop, characterized by elevated blood glucose, impaired glucose tolerance, insulin response, and glucagon response.
Do chromium supplements benefit people with type 2 diabetes?
Research suggests that chromium supplements provide little or no benefit to people with type 2 diabetes.
Where is chromium found in the diet?
Chromium is present in a variety of foods, with the best sources being unrefined foods, liver, brewer’s yeast, and whole grains.
What is the function of molybdenum in the body?
Molybdenum acts as a working part of several metalloenzymes.
Are dietary deficiencies of molybdenum common?
No, dietary deficiencies of molybdenum are unknown because the amounts needed are very small.
What are molybdenum-rich foods?
Molybdenum-rich foods include legumes, breads, other grain products, leafy green vegetables, milk, and liver.
Is molybdenum toxicity common in humans?
Molybdenum toxicity in people is rare and is characterized by kidney damage and reproductive abnormalities.
How do contaminant minerals enter the food supply?
what are some Contaminant minerals and how do like lead, mercury, and cadmum enter the food supply through soil, water, and air pollution.
What is the main focus regarding lead in this context?
The section focuses on lead poisoning as it is a serious environmental threat to young children, and reducing blood lead levels is a goal of the Healthy People initiative.
How does lead disrupt body processes?
Lead competes with essential minerals like iron and calcium, displacing them from metabolic sites, disrupting body processes, and impairing nutrition status.
