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Human Nervous system Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what do all animals need to do in order to survive in their environments

A

respond

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2
Q

what are coordinating systems

A

systems that allow communication between the receptors and the effectors of the body so that correct reactions to any change in the environment can be bought about

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3
Q

what are the 2 coordinating systems that humans have

A
  • nervous co-ordinating system
  • endocrine co-ordinating system
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4
Q

what is the nervous system

A

the bodys control and comms centre
*constant flow between the environment, the brain and different parts of the body

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5
Q

how does the nervous system function?

A
  • sensory function= sensory receptors that detect changes in the external environment
  • integration function= central nervous system receives the information and decides which effectors need stimulus
  • motor function= effectors bring about appropriate responses
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6
Q

what are stimuli

A

physical or chemical changes in the environment which are capable of causing a response in an organism

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7
Q

what are some examples of different external stimuli

A

light
temperature
sounds
atmospheric pressure

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8
Q

what are some examples of internal stimuli

A

blood pressure
tension in muscles
blood pH

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9
Q

what is the central nervous system (CNS) made up of

A

a concentrated mass if interconnected neurons that are grouped together to form
- the brain
- the spinal cord

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10
Q

what’re the brain and spinal cord responsible for

A
  • processing all the info from our senses
  • keeping our organs and reflexes functioning
  • directing our movements, thoughts and feelings
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11
Q

how is the central nervous system protected

A

-3 connective tissue membranes called meninges
-space between 2nd and 3rd layer acts as a cusion
-the skull

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12
Q

what is cerebro-spinal fluid

A

a fluid formed from blood plasma in special area in the walls of the ventricles(spaces in the brain)

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13
Q

what is the brain

A

upper part of the spinal cord that is enclosed in a bony cranium

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14
Q

what is the structure near the top of the brainstem called

A

the cerebellum

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15
Q

what is the structure near the lower part of the brainstem called

A

medulla oblongata

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16
Q

what is the mass thatholds together the two hemispheres of the brain together

A

corpus callosum
which is a mass of myelinated nerve fibres that are bundled into large tracts

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17
Q

what are the folds on the surface of the cerebrum for

A

to enlarge the surface area so that a large amount of brain cells can fit into a small cavity

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18
Q

what do the outer 3mm of the cerebrum form?

A

the cerebral cortex

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19
Q

what is the frontal lobes function

A
  • memory
  • emotions
  • intellegence
    -voluntary movements
  • imagination
  • judgement
  • reasoning
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20
Q

what is the function of the parietal lobe

A
  • sensory
  • spelling
  • skin sensations
  • interprets hot&cold
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21
Q

what is the function of the temporal lobe

A
  • speech
  • language
  • memory
  • sound
  • smell
  • taste
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22
Q

what is the function of the occipital lobe

A
  • vision
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23
Q

why is the cerebellum called ‘the tree of life’

A

white matter of the cerebellum looks like branches of a tree and the grey matter looks like the leaves (foliage)

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24
Q

what are the functions of the cerebellum

A
  1. processes information and uses it to coordinate the actions of the voluntary muscles
  2. controlling muscle tone
  3. uses information from inner ear to help maintain posture and balance
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25
Q

what are the functions of the hypothalamus

A

controls the autonomic system (homeostasis)
- body temp
- water balance and thirst
- food intake
- sleep-wake cycles

Centre for emotional response and behaviour
- pain, pleasure, fear, rage
- biological rhythms and drives(sex drive)

Controls functioning of pituitary gland
- secreting hormones (ADH)
- controlling the release of hormones

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26
Q

how many pairs of spinal nerves are in the PNS

A

31 pairs

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27
Q

what are the functions of the medulla oblongata

A
  1. pathway for impulses to and from the brain
  2. reflex centre
    - breathing
    - heart beat
    - blood pressure
    - swallowing
  3. controls less important reflexes
    - sneezing
    - coughing
    - salivating
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28
Q

what is the spinal cord

A

elongated rod of nervous tissue that extends from the medulla obl through the foramen magnum

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29
Q

approximately how long is the spinal cord

A

45cm long

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30
Q

what is the peripheral nervous system

A

nerves that link the CNS to the receptor and the effectors of the body.

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31
Q

how many pairs of cranial nerves are there in the PNS

A

12 pairs

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32
Q

what are the functions of the PNS

A
  1. collects all info from receptors and transmits the info by impulses along sensory neurons to the CNS(sensor function)
  2. transmits impulses from CNS by motor neurons to effectors(motor function)
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33
Q

what is the motor division made up of

A
  1. somatic nervous system
  2. autonomic nervous system
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34
Q

what is the function of the somatic nervous system

A

conducts impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles so it controls all voluntary movements

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35
Q

what is the function of the autonomic nervous system

A

conducts impulses from CNS to cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and glands so it controls the functioning of involuntary muscles and glands

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36
Q

what is the autonomic nervous system made up of

A
  • sympathetic nervous system
  • parasympathetic nervous system
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37
Q

what is the function of the sympaathetic nervous system?

A

works together with the adrenalin hormone in emergencies. the stimulation of these nerves= more oxygen, glucose and blood being sent to the muscle to release more energy for the action

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38
Q

what is the function of the parasympathetic nervous system

A

enebles the body to rest and recover from sympathetic stimulation

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39
Q

NOT A FLASHCARD JUST NOTES**

A

parasympathetic sysem and the sympathetic system are involuntary reflexes
when conditions cahnge the auonomic system
- adjust blood pressure and body temp
-moves blood to where it is most needed
- increases/decreases digestive secretions

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40
Q

what does nervous tissue consist of

A

neurons and neuroglia

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41
Q

what is the role of glial cells

A

critical role in making myelin and supporting and protecting the neurons

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42
Q

what is the composition of a neuron

A

membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus and cell organelles

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43
Q

what is the function of the long, thin processes of a neuron

A

make it possible for nerve impulses to be carried for a long distance

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44
Q

what are the typical fibres of neuron

A

dendrites and an axon

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45
Q

what do dendrites do?

A

conduct imulses towards the cell body

46
Q

what is the structure of a dendrite

A

short, tapering processes that branch extensively to provide a large surface area to receive signals from other neurons

47
Q

what does an axon do?

A

conducts impulses away from the cell body

48
Q

what is the structure of an axon

A

each neuron has a single axon. an axon branches extensively at its end to form terminal branches

49
Q

what are the 3 different types of neurons

A
  • sensory/unipolar neuron
  • connector neuron
  • motor/multipolar neuron
50
Q

what is a sensory/unipolar neuron

A

afferent neurons because they carry impulses from receptors towards the CNS
(where the sensation occurs)

51
Q

what is a connector neuron/ interneuron

A

multipolar neurons found in the CNS.
they receive impulses from sensory neurons and pass them on to other neurons
(make up 99% of neurons in body)

52
Q

what is a motor/multipolar neuron

A

efferent neurons because they carry impulses away from the CNS to effectors to bring about the correct response

53
Q

what direction do impulses travel in the neuron

A

from the dendrites to the cell body and then down to the axon

54
Q

what are neurilemma

A

collective name for outer sheath made up of Schwann Cells

55
Q

what are nerves

A

your mom lol jk

bundles of neurons are caled nerves in the PNS and makes a big passageway in the CNS

56
Q

what is the function of nerves

A

carry impulses from receptors to the CNS
and from the CNS to the effectors

57
Q

what is a nerve impulse

A

a minute electrical signals or a wave of depolarisation that is caused by a stimulus

58
Q

what is the gap that separates neurons called?

A

synaptic cleft+adjacent membrane= synapse

59
Q

what is a neurotransmitter

A

a chemical substance released from axon terminals at a synapse to carry impulses across the gap

60
Q

what is a myoneural synapse

A

the synapse between the terminal branches of a motor neuron and a muscle

61
Q

why are synapses important

A
  • flow of impulses in in one direction since the trasmitter are only in the axon terminal knobs
  • allow for the dispersal of impulses to other neurons
  • allow filtering out of unecessary or unimportant stimuli
62
Q

what is the reflex arc?

A

the pathway followed by impulses from a receptor to an effector to bring about a reflex action

63
Q

what are the 5 essential parts of the reflex arc

A
  1. receptor
  2. sensory neuron
  3. connector neuron
  4. motor neuron
  5. effector
64
Q

what is a reflex action

A

a fast automaticw response by an effector organ toa stimulus received by a receptor organ

65
Q

what is a reflex action

A

a fast automaticw response by an effector organ toa stimulus received by a receptor organ

66
Q

what is a reflex action

A

a fast automaticw response by an effector organ toa stimulus received by a receptor organ

67
Q

what is a reflex action

A

a fast automatic response by an effector organ to a stimulus received by a receptor organ

68
Q

what are the 2 different reflexes

A
  1. somatic reflexes- activate skeletal muscles
  2. autonomic reflexes- activate smooth or cardiac muscle
69
Q

where could reflex centers be situated

A

brain- controlling reflexes like sneezing or breathing
spinal cord- controlling primitive reflexes like moving your hand from the ‘danger’

70
Q

what is the significance of the reflex arc

A
  • enables the body to respond quickly
  • natural safety mechanisms that are mainly for protecting the body from danger
71
Q

what are some examples of reflexes

A
  • sneezing to clear nasal passages of irritants
  • blinking
  • yawning
  • coughing
72
Q

what is Alzheimer’s disease

A

incurable and terminal disease and is the most common form of dementia

73
Q

what causes Alzheimer’s disease

A

no one knows, probably a combination of genetic factors

74
Q

how common is Alzheimer’s disease

A
  • not associated with any race, gender or culture
  • people over the age of 65
75
Q

what are the symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease

A

(in the early stages the most commonly recognised symptom is short term memory loss )
-confusion, irritability, aggression
- mood swings
- difficulty finding the rght words
- long-term memory loss
- withdrawal from society

76
Q

what is the life expectancy after being diagnosed with Alzheimer’s

A

approx 7 years
eventually die because body functions are gradually lost

77
Q

how can Alzheimer’s be treated

A

NO CURE
mental stimulation, good diet, exercise can be possible preventions and good ways to manage the disease

78
Q

what are the 4 steps to drug dependency

A
  1. experimental stage
  2. recreational phase- drugs only used when offered
  3. regular-use stage - making sure you always have a supply for once or twice a week
  4. dependency phase(addict)- drugs become the most important aspect in life
79
Q

what do drugs affect in nerves

A

synapses and the functioning of neurotransmitters

80
Q

how can drugs be classified

A

according to the reactions caused:
1. hallucinogens
2. stimulants(uppers)
3. depressants(downers)

81
Q

what do hallucinogens do

A

distort reality which results in hallucinations and delusions.
mood swings that can vary from euphoria to depression

82
Q

what is one of the most common hallucinogens

A

dagga

83
Q

what are some street names for dagga

A

ganja, pot, weed, grass, cannabis, marijuana, dope

84
Q

what are the ‘ups’ of dagga

A

sense of complete relaxation and euphoria

85
Q

what are the ‘downs’ of dagga

A

panic attacks, hallucinations, flashbacks and memory loss

86
Q

what effects does dagga have on the CNS

A

contains mind altering substances called THC
THC stimulates the release of the neurotransmitter, dopamine(stimulates pleasure centre of brain)

87
Q

what is the greatest danger of smoking dagga

A

can lead to people experimenting with other drugs
-dagga is known as a gateway drug

88
Q

what are depressants

A

suppress or delay brain functions

89
Q

what are the street names of heroin

A

smack, mud, china white

90
Q

what is the most dangerous and addictive narcotic

A

heroin

91
Q

what is a narcotic

A

a substance that can be habit-forming, dulls the sense, relieves pain or induces sleep

92
Q

what are the ‘ups’ of heroin

A

sense of warmth and wellbeing, while senses of pain and insecurity are blocked out (a ‘rush’)

93
Q

what are the ‘downs’ of heroin

A

in 6-8 hours nausea, vomiting, chills, sweating and muscle and bone pain occurs.

94
Q

what effects does heroin have on the CNS

A

-heroin passes very rapidly through the blood-brain barrier and it mimics endorphins (creates feeling of wellbeing and bliss)
-the brain send fewer of its own endorphins and this causes and imbalance= rapid mood changes and confusion

95
Q

what are endorphins

A

One of several substances made in the body that can relieve pain and give a feeling of well-being.

96
Q

what is one of the most significant effects of heroin use?

A

addiction

97
Q

what happens with regular use of heroin

A

a tolerance develops, so more heroin needs to be used to achieve the same effects

98
Q

what are some withdrawal symptoms of heroin

A

drug craving, restlessness, muscle and bone pain and vomiting

99
Q

what are stimulants

A

the substances stimulate the brain and increase the heartbeat= hyperactivity and excitability

100
Q

what are 2 common stimulant drugs

A

ecstasy and tik

101
Q

what are the street names of ecstasy

A

Adam E, roll, XTC

102
Q

what are the ups of ecstacy

A

enhanced sense of pleasure, increased confidence, energy, peacefulness

103
Q

what are the downs of ecstasy

A

blurred vision
sweat
clench teeth and bite inside of their cheeks
seizures
nausea & vomiting

104
Q

what effects does ecstasy have on the CNS

A

causes neurons to release an excess amount of serotonin that isnt reabsorbed
(depletion of serotonin)

105
Q

what are some negative after effects of ecstasy

A

-exhaustion and sleep problems
-anxiety
-drug craving

106
Q

what can repeated use of ecstasy cause

A

-extreme depression and paranoia
- damage serotonin producing cells
- liver, kidney and cardiovascular failure

107
Q

what are some street names for tik

A
  • speed
  • ice
  • crank
  • crystal straw
108
Q

what is the stimulant drug that is called tik

A

methamphetamine

109
Q

what are the ups of tik

A

increased alertness
energy
heightened sense of sexuality and euphoria

110
Q

what are the downs of tik

A

aggression
violence
psychotic behaviour

life science (2 decks)

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