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life science > excretory system > Flashcards

excretory system Flashcards

1
Q

what is excretion

A

the removal of waste products of metabolism from the body

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2
Q

what are the exctretory organs nd what are their functions

A

Lungs-CO2 water and heat
Colon/gut- faeces
Kidney- nitrogenous waste
Skin- sweat

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3
Q

what are the nitrogenous waste products

A

uric acid
urea
creatinine
ammonia

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4
Q

what other useful substances are exctreted out of the body

A

water
amino acids
hormones
vitamins
salts
ions
glucose

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5
Q

what is the glomerulus

A

a cluster of capilaries

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6
Q

what is found in the renal corpusle

A

-bowmans capsule
-glomerulus

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7
Q

what is found in the renal tubule

A

proximal convulated tubule
loop of henle
distal convulated tubule

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8
Q

what is the microscopic structure that is vital for excretion in the kidney called

A

nephron

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9
Q

how many nephrons share the same collecting duct

A

12

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10
Q

how do the kidneys maintain homeostasis

A

removing unwanted substances from the blood

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11
Q

what is glomerular filtration

A

when the fluid part of the blood is filtered through a glomerular membrane into the cavity of the bowmans capsule

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12
Q

what is tubular reabsorbtion

A

when useful substances are reabsorbed back into the bloodstream in the mounts that are needed by the body

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13
Q

what is tubular excretion

A

when the waste products from the blood are excreted into the tubules

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14
Q

where does glomerular filtration take place

A

in the renal corpuscle

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15
Q

what is the difference between an efferent arteriole and an afferent arteriole

A

an efferent arteriole carries blood towards the nephron and the afferent arteriole carries blood away fron the nephron

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16
Q

how does the size of the 2 arterioles influence glomerular filtration

A

blood enerts through the wider afferent arteriole and and pressure is created because the efferent areriole is more narrow, which means more blood is entering the glomerulus that what can leave

this causes pressure to buld up forcing blood to filter thrugh the glomerular membrane

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17
Q

what is ultrafiltration

A

filtration of blood in the capilries into the bhowmans capsule while under pressure through the glomerular membrane

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18
Q

what are some non-nitrogenous wastes

A

toxins and drugs (painkillers, tranquillisers, and nicotine)
alcohol

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19
Q

what is defaecation or egestion

A

removal of undigested and unabsorbed food material from the gut

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20
Q

is the bladder an excretory organ

A

no, its only function is to store urine

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21
Q

what type of glands are adrenal glands

A

endocrine glands

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22
Q

where are the kidneys found

A

in the abdominal cavity below the diaphragm

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23
Q

where is the nephron in the kidney found

A

in the cortex and the medulla

24
Q

what does the renal artery carry

A

blood that is rich in nitrogenous waste

25
Q

what does the renal vein carry

A

purified, deoxygenated blood from the kidney to the inferior vena cava

26
Q

how much blood is filtered in 1 minute

A

120ml

27
Q

how is the glomerular membrane adapted for filtration

A

it is made up of 2 layers of cells:

endothelial cells- make the wall of glomerular capillaries and they are porous which allows plasma through the pores but not blood cells

flattened podocyte cells - make up the podocyte layer and it has spaces between them called filtration slits that only allow plasma protein through

28
Q

what makes up glomerular filtrate

A

Blood plasma without the blood cells or plasma protein with useful substances (water, glucose, amino acids, vitamins, hormones and ions) as well as waste substances such as nitrogenous waste (urea, uric acid & cratinine)

29
Q

what is the function of the shape of the Bowman’s capsule

A

large surface area, so that the max amount of filtration can take place

30
Q

what is glomerular filtration

A

passive process in which fluids and solutes are forced through the glomerular membrane by means of hydrostatic pressure

31
Q

what happens to the filtrate as it moves along the renal tubule

A

the useful substances that are needed by the body are reabsorbed into the blood in the surrounding capillaries

32
Q

where does the reabsorbtion of useful substances take place

A

proximal convoluted tubule

33
Q
A
34
Q

what cells are the walls of the PCT made up of

A

cuboidal epithelial cells

35
Q

what adaptations are made with the walls of the PCT

A

microvilli along the border of the tubule= increases surface area for max reabsorption
Outer surface of tubule is folded to increase surface area
A lot of mitochondria for active transport

36
Q

What is active reabsorption in the PCT

A

molecules combine carrier molecules and are then able to move against the concentration gradient

37
Q

what is needed for active reabsorption to take place

A

ATP- adenosine triphosphate

38
Q

what is the concentration gradient

A

the gradual difference in the concentration of solutes in a solution between 2 regions

39
Q

what substances are reabsorbed

A

-glucose
-protein
-water soluble vitamins(Vitamin C)
-amino acids
-salts

40
Q

are there any glucose or protein molecules in normal urine?

A

No

41
Q

how is water reabsorbed into the blood

A

by means of osmosis. 65% of the water is passively reabsorbed

42
Q

what is the role of the loop of Henle

A

to create a high concentration of salt in the medulla of the kidney in order to actively transport sodium ions out of the filtrate

43
Q

what is a sodium pump

A

salt(nacl) is transported to the surrounding tissue fluid, causing water to move out fo the loop by means of osmosis

44
Q

what is the final oucome of the loop of henle

A

water is actively conserved & passed into blood rather than urine
less urine is formed=conservation of water

45
Q

what does it mean is an organism has a longer loop of henle

A

encourages more water to be reabsorbed= highly concentrated urine

46
Q

what is the pH range for urine

A

6 (weak acid)

47
Q

what is the pH of blood

A

7.35- 7.45 (slightly alkaline)

48
Q

what is a buffer

A

chemical substance that prevents a great change in pH by binding with H+ when pH drops and releasing H+ when pH rises

49
Q

what is urine

A

filtrate containing all substances that the body does not want that flows through the collecting ducts

50
Q

what can affect the composition, amount and colour of urine

A

diet
exercise
volume of liquids drunk
health

51
Q

how much urine is produced daily

A

1l - 1.5l

52
Q

what is the process of urine moving out of the kidneys

A
  • passes into the calyx then into the renal pelvis
  • moves through the 2 ureters into the bladder
    -stored in bladder until it is able to be expelled by the urethra
53
Q

what is osmoregulation

A

maintains the correct balance between the water and solute contents of body fluid

54
Q

what happens is there is too much water in the cell

A

the cell will burst

55
Q

what happens when there is too little water in the cell

A

dehydration of cells

56
Q

what is osmolarity

A

the number of solute particles dissolved in 1 litre of water
*the greater the concentration of solutes the greater the osmolarity

life science (2 decks)

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