Human Movement Flashcards
toward the front
anterior (ventral)
toward the back
posterior (dorsal)
toward the head
superior
away from the head
inferior
toward the midline of the body
medial
away from the midline of the body
lateral
toward the attached end of the limb, origin of the structure, or midline of the body
proximal
away from the attached end of the limb, origin of the structure, or midline of the body
distal
external; located close to or on the body surface
superficial
internal; located further beneath the body surface than the superficial structures
deep
regional term referring to the neck
cervical
regional term referring to the portion of the body between the neck and the abdomen; also known as the chest
thoracic
regional term referring to the portion of the body between the abdomen and the pelvis
lumbar
the side of bottom of the feet
plantar
the top surface of the feet and hands
dorsal
the anterior or ventral surface of the hands
palmar
a longitudinal (imaginary) line that divides the body or any of its parts into right and left sections
sagittal plane
a longitudinal (imaginary) line that divides the body or any of its parts into anterior and posterior parts
frontal plane
known as the horizontal plane; an imaginary line that divides the body or any of its parts into superior and inferior parts
transverse plane
means “joint”
arthro
means “two”
bi
means “arm”
brachium
means “heart”
cardio
means “head”
cephalo
means “cartilage”
chondro
means “rib”
costo
means “skin”
dermo
means “blood”
hemo, hemat
means “ilium”
ilio
means “muscle”
myo
means “bone”
osteo, os
means “lung”
pulmo
means “chest”
thoraco
means “three”
tri
actions/movements in the sagittal plane
Mnemonic: FEDP - Fat Emperor Devours Pie
flexion, extension, dorsiflexion, plantarflexion
actions/movements in the front plane
abduction, adduction, elevation, depression, inversion, eversion
actions/movements in the transverse plane
rotation, pronation, supination, horizontal flexion (adduction), horizontal extension (abduction)
actions/movements in the multiplanar plane
circumduction, opposition
decreasing the angle between two bones
flexion
increasing the angle between two bones
extension
moving the top of the foot toward the shin (only at the ankle joint)
dorsiflexion
moving the sole of foot downward; “pointing the toes” (only at the ankle)
plantarflexion
motion away from the midline of the body (or part)
abduction
motion toward the midline of the body (or part)
adduction
moving to a superior position (only at the scapula)
elevation
moving to an inferior position (only at the scapula)
depression
lifting the medial border of the foot (only at the subtalar joint)
inversion
lifting the lateral border of the foot (only at the subtalar joint)
eversion
internal (inward) or external (outward) turning about the vertical axis of the bone
rotation
rotating the hand and wrist medially from the elbow
pronation
rotating the hand and wrist laterally from the elbow
supination
from a 90-degree abducted shoulder or hip position, the humerus or femur, respectively, is flexed (adducted) in toward the midline of the body in the transverse plane
horizontal flexion (adduction)
the return of the humerus or femur from horizontal flexion (adduction)
horizontal extension (abduction)
motion that describes a “cone”; combines flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction in sequence
circumduction
thumb movement unique to humans and primates
opposition
assist the agonist muscle in causing a desired action; may act as joint stabilizers or may neutralize rotation or be activated when external resistance increases or the agonist becomes fatigued
synergist muscles
when the agonist and antagonist contract together and a joint must be stabilized
co-contraction
3 main types of muscle movement
1) static
2) concentric (shortening)
3) eccentric (lengthening)
the range of uninhibited movement around a joint or body segment
joint mobility
the ability to maintain or control joint movement or position
joint stability
the point at which the body’s mass is considered to concentrate and where it is balances on either side in all planes
center of gravity (COG)
a theoretical line passing through the center of gravity, dissecting the body into two hemispheres
line of gravity
the areas of contact between the feet and their supporting surface and the area between the feet
base of support (BOS)
3 things that encompass muscular balance
1) equal strength and flexibility on the right and left sides of the body (bilateral symmetry)
2) proportional strength ratios in opposing (agonist/antagonist) muscle groups, although may not be exactly equal
3) balance in flexibility, in that normal ranges of motion are achieved but not exceeded
contribute to the creation of core stability
static and dynamic stabilizers
static stabilizers
bony configuration of joints, fibrocartilages, and ligaments
dynamic stabilizers
muscles
T/F: Dynamic structures/stabilizers contribute more to core stability that static stabilizers.
True
