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ACE Lessons 9&10: Human Movement & Functional Assessments > Functional Assessments > Flashcards

Functional Assessments Flashcards

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1
Q

factors that contribute to flexibility

A

1) age
2) gender
3) joint structure
4) past injury
5) tissue temperature
6) circadian variations

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2
Q

T/F: Females are more flexible than males.

A

True

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3
Q

The increased hydration of intervertebral disks during sleep, and the subsequent swelling of the disks upon waking, has 3 significant implications for flexibility in the lumbar spine

A

1) swelling accounts for the increased stiffness in the spine during lumbar flexion upon waking
2) lumbar disks and ligaments are at greater risk for injury in the early morning
3) range of motion increases later in the day

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4
Q

the principle stating that the activation of a GTO inhibits a muscle spindle response

A

autogenic inhibition

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5
Q

the lengthening of tissue that occurs when a stretch force is applied

A

creep

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6
Q

possible reasons for the increase in range of motion after an acute static-stretching session

A

1) creep

2) reductions in tension (stress-relaxation response)

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7
Q

the principle stating that activation of a muscle on one side of a joint (agonist) coincides with the neural inhibition of the opposing muscle on the other side of the joint (antagonist) to facilitate movement

A

reciprocal inhibition

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8
Q

T/F: An example of reciprocal inhibition is when the gluteus maximus is activated for 6-15 seconds, this reciprocally inhibits the hip flexors temporarily, allowing the hip flexors to be stretched.

A

True

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9
Q

stretch performed by moving the joints to place the targeted muscle group in an end-range position and holding that position for up to 30 seconds

A

static stretching

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10
Q

a reflexive muscle contraction that occurs in response to rapid stretching of the muscle

A

stretch reflex

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11
Q

stretch that occurs when the individual applies added force to increase the intensity of the stretch

A

active stretch

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12
Q

stretch that occurs when a partner or assistive device provides added force for the stretch

A

passive stretch

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13
Q

a method of promoting the response of neuromuscular mechanisms through the stimulation of proprioceptors in an attempt to gain more stretch in a muscle; often referred to as a contract/relax method of stretching

A

proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF)

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14
Q

3 basic types of PNF stretching techniques

A

1) hold-relax
2) contract-relax
3) hold-relax with agonist contraction

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15
Q

An individual holds and resists the force provided by a partner so that an isometric contraction occurs for 6 seconds in the muscle group targeted for the stretch. The individual then relaxes the muscle group and allows for a passive stretch force from the partner (held for 30 seconds) to increase range of motion in the muscle group that was previously in isometric contraction.

A

hold-relax stretch technique

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16
Q

An individual pushes against the force provided by the partner so that a concentric contraction occurs throughout the full range of motion of the muscle group targeted for the stretch.

A

contract-relax stretch technique

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17
Q

identical to the hold-relax technique except that a concentric action of the opposing muscle group is added during the final passive stretch to add to the stretch force

A

hold-relax with agonist contraction

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18
Q

stretch that mimics a movement pattern to be used in the upcoming workout or sporting event

A

dynamic stretch

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19
Q

stretch that incorporates bouncing-type movements

A

ballistic stretch

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20
Q

This stretch is never held for more than two seconds. The stretch is then released, the body segment returned to the starting position, and the stretch is repeated for several repetitions, with each subsequent movement exceeding the resistance point by a few degrees.

A

active isolated stretching (AIS)

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21
Q

T/F: Proponents of AIS claim that this technique targets specific muscles and prepares the body for physical activity better than static stretching can, while also protecting the joint attachments that static stretching can sometimes weaken.

A

True

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22
Q

technique that applies pressure to tight, restricted areas of fascia and underlying muscle in an attempt to relieve tension and improve flexibility

A

myofascial release

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23
Q

a densely woven, specialized system of connective tissue that covers and unites all of the body’s compartments

A

fascia

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24
Q

purpose of fascia

A

to surround and support the bodily structure, which provides stability as well as a cohesive direction for the line of pull of muscle groups

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25
Q

natural configuration of fascia

A

relaxed and wavy

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26
Q

3 reasons fascia can lose its pliability

A

physical trauma, scarring, and inflammation

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27
Q

T/F: Myofascial release reduces hypertonicity within the muscles.

A

True

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28
Q

a change in the shape of tissue as a result of being subjected to an external force

A

deformation

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29
Q

3 factors that determine the extent of deformation of tissue

A

1) type of tissue
2) amount of force applied
3) temperature of the tissue

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30
Q

T/F: One of the major determinants in long-term adaptations in flexibility is the collagen found in connective tissues.

A

True

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31
Q

T/F: Structures containing small amounts of collagen tend to limit motion and resist stretch.

A

False

large amounts

32
Q

T/F: A collagenous fiber is relatively inextensible when compared to a sarcomere.

A

True

33
Q

muscle imbalances associated with kyphosis-lordosis posture

A

Facilitated/Hypertonic (shortened):

  • hip flexors
  • lumbar extensors
  • anterior chest/shoulders
  • latissimus dorsi
  • neck extensors

Inhibited (lengthened):

  • hip extensors
  • external obliques
  • upper back extensors
  • scapular stabilizers
  • neck flexors
34
Q

muscle imbalances associated with flat-back posture

A

Facilitated/Hypertonic (shortened):

  • rectus abdominis
  • upper back extensors
  • neck extensors
  • ankle plantar flexors

Inhibited (lengthened):

  • iliacus/psoas major
  • internal obliques
  • neck flexors
  • lumbar extensors
35
Q

muscle imbalances associated with sway-back posture

A

Facilitated/Hypertonic (shortened):

  • hamstrings
  • upper fibers of posterior obliques
  • lumbar extensors
  • neck extensors

Inhibited (lengthened):

  • iliacus/psoas major
  • rectus femoris
  • external obliques
  • upper back extensors
  • neck flexors
36
Q

postural muscles are deeper muscles that contain greater concentrations of this muscle fiber type

A

type 1 (slow twitch)

37
Q

increased anterior lumbar curve from neutral

A

lordosis

38
Q

increased posterior thoracic curve from neutral

A

kyphosis

39
Q

decreased anterior lumbar curve

A

flat back

40
Q

decreased anterior lumbar curve and increased posterior thoracic curve from neutral

A

sway back

41
Q

lateral spinal curvature often accompanied by vertebral rotation

A

scoliosis

42
Q

correctible factors for muscle imbalance

A

1) repetitive movements (muscular pattern overload)
2) awkward positions and movements (habitually poor posture)
3) side dominance
4) lack of joint stability
5) lack of joint mobility
6) imbalanced strength-training programs

43
Q

non-correctible factors for muscle imbalance

A

1) congenital conditions (e.g., scoliosis)
2) some pathologies (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis)
3) structural deviations (e.g., tibial or femoral torsion, or femoral anteversion)
4) certain types of trauma (e.g., surgery, injury, or amputation)

44
Q

Movement Efficiency Pattern

A

1) joints are correctly aligned and have muscle balance
2) normal length-tension and force-coupling relationships function efficiently
3) facilitation of proper joint mechanics
4) efficient force acceptance and generation
5) promotes joint stability and mobility
6) promotes movement efficiency

45
Q

General Chronological Plan for a Client

A

1) Health history and lifestyle information
2) Static postural analysis
3) Identification of correctible postural compensations
4) Administration of appropriate movement screens
5) Stability and mobility training (restorative exercise)
6) Movement training (movement patterns)
7) Progression: load and performance training

46
Q

muscles suspected to be tight when shoulders are not level

A

upper trapezius, levator scapula, rhomboids

47
Q

muscles suspected to be tight when shoulders are not symmetrical to the midline of the body

A

lateral trunk flexors (flexed side)

48
Q

muscles suspected to be tight when shoulders are protracted (forward, rounded)

A

serratus anterior, anterior scapulo-humeral muscles, upper trapezius

49
Q

muscles suspected to be tight with a medially rotated humerus

A

pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi (shoulder adductors), subscapularis

50
Q

muscles suspected to be tight with kyphosis and depressed chest

A

shoulder adductors, pectoralis minor, rectus abdominis, internal oblique

51
Q

5 primary movements people perform during daily activities

A

1) bending/raising and lifting/lowering movements (e.g., squatting)
2) single-leg movements
3) pushing movements
4) pulling movements
5) rotational movements

52
Q

Thoracic Spine Mobility Screen: What is good/acceptable rotation?

A

45 degrees in both directions

53
Q

Thomas Test for Hip Flexion / Quadriceps Extension (suspected muscle tightness): the back of the lowered thigh does not touch the table and the knee does not flex to 80 degrees

A

primary hip flexors

54
Q

Thomas Test for Hip Flexion / Quadriceps Extension (suspected muscle tightness): the back of the lowered thigh does not touch the table but the knee does flex to 80 degrees

A

iliopsoas - prevents the hip from rotating posteriorly and inhibiting the thigh from being able to touch the table

55
Q

Thomas Test for Hip Flexion / Quadriceps Extension (suspected muscle tightness): the back of the lowered thigh does touch the table but the knee does flex to 80 degrees

A

rectus femoris - does not allow the knee to bend

56
Q

Passive Straight-Leg Raise (PSL) purpose

A

assess the length of the hamstrings

57
Q

PSL desirable movement

A

raised leg achieves >= 80 degrees of movement before pelvis rotates posteriorly (tight hamstrings if don’t achieve)

58
Q

Desirable shoulder flexion movement

A

flex shoulders 170-180 degrees (hands touching/nearly touching the floor)

59
Q

Desirable shoulder extension movement

A

extend shoulders 50-60 degrees off the floor

60
Q

Shoulder flexion mobility issues

A

1) Tightness in latissimus dorsi - low back arch
2) Tightness of the pectoralis minor - anterior tilt of scapulae
3) Tight abdominals - depression of rib cage
4) Thoracic kyphosis - rounding of thoracic spine

61
Q

Shoulder extension mobility issues

A

1) Tight abdominals

2) Tight biceps brachii

62
Q

Desirable external/lateral shoulder rotation

A

externally rotate 90 degrees and touch mat

63
Q

Desirable internal/medial shoulder rotation

A

internally rotate 70 degrees toward mat

64
Q

External/lateral shoulder rotation mobility issues

A

1) Tightness in internal rotators of arm (e.g., subscapularis)
2) Tightness in joint capsule and ligaments

65
Q

Internal/medial shoulder rotation mobility issues

A

1) Tightness in external rotators of arm (e.g., infraspinatus and teres minor)
2) Tightness in joint capsule and ligaments

66
Q

movements of Apley’s Scratch Test for shoulder mobility

A

1) shoulder flexion and extension
2) internal and external rotation of the humerus at the shoulder
3) scapular abduction and adduction

67
Q

reasons to stop the Sharpened Romberg Test (standing, eyes closed, arms crossed, one foot in front of the other)

A

1) client loses postural control and balance
2) client’s feet move on the floor
3) client’s eyes open
4) client’s arms move from the folded position
5) client exceeds 60 seconds with good postural control

68
Q

reasons to stop the Stork-Stand Balance Test (standing, hands on hips, bottom foot against lower leg between ankle and knee)

A

1) hands come off hips
2) stance or supporting foot inverts, exerts, or moves in any direction
3) any part of the elevated foot loses contact with the stance leg
4) the heel of the stance leg touches the floor
5) client loses balance

69
Q

good score/time for Sharpened Romberg Test

A

> 30 seconds

70
Q

good score/time for Stork-Stand Balance Test (males)

A 
Excellent: >50 seconds
Good: >40 seconds
Average: >30 seconds
Fair: >20 seconds
Poor <20 seconds
71
Q

good score/time for Stork-Stand Balance Test (females)

A 
Excellent: >30 seconds
Good: 25-30 seconds
Average: 16-24 seconds
Fair: 10-15 seconds
Poor <10 seconds
72
Q

3 tests of the McGill’s Torso Muscular Endurance Test Battery

A

1) trunk flexor endurance test
2) trunk lateral endurance test
3) trunk extensor endurance test

73
Q

reasons to terminate trunk flexor endurance test

A

1) deviation of neutral spine (e.g., shoulders rounding forward)
2) part of back touches the back rest

74
Q

reasons to terminate the trunk lateral endurance test

A

1) deviation of neutral spine (e.g., hips dropping downward)

2) hips shifting forward or backward in an effort to maintain balance and stability

75
Q

reason to terminate the trunk extensor endurance test

A

1) when client can no longer maintain parallel position

76
Q

Desired comparison ratios of trunk, lateral, and extensor tests - flexion:extension; right side:left side bridge; side bridge (each side): extension

A

Flexion : Extension - ratio less than 1.0
Right side : Left side Bridge - no greater than 0.05 from a balanced score of 1.0 (e.g., 0.95 to 1.05)
Side Bridge (each side) : Extension - ratio less than 0.75

ACE Lessons 9&10: Human Movement & Functional Assessments (2 decks)

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