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BIO225 > Human Microbial Diseases Set 1 > Flashcards

Human Microbial Diseases Set 1 Flashcards

midterm study

1
Q

Epidemiology definition

A

Study of the occurrence, distribution, and determinants of health and disease in populations

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2
Q

Descriptive epidemiology

A

collecting data and describing occurrence of human diseases

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3
Q

Analytical epidemiology

A

analyzing a particular disease using case control method or cohort method (aka longitudinal studies)

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4
Q

Experimental epidemiology

A

conducting experiments to better understand diseases in human populations

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5
Q

Highest cause of worldwide death in 2003 was due to

A

cardiovascular disease

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6
Q

what rate to epidemiologists use

A

deaths per 100,000

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7
Q

Examples of vectors

A

ticks, mosquitos, needles surgical devices

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8
Q

Examples of hosts

A

humans, animals, plants, bacteria

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9
Q

Example of agents

A

bacteria, virus, protozoa, prions, chemicals

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10
Q

gonorrhea and strep throat are common diseases of what agent

A

bacteria

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11
Q

malaria is a common disease of what agent

A

protozoa

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12
Q

influenza, HPV and HIV are common diseases of what agent

A

virus

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13
Q

Borrelia burgdorferi

A

lyme disease transmitted by ticks

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14
Q

Plasmodium falciparum

A

malaria transmitted by mosquitos

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15
Q

what are fomites?

A

inanimate objects that transmit infectious diseases

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16
Q

Biomarkers are

A

molecular, cellular and other biological markers in the study, prevention, and control of health risks

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17
Q

What methods can you use to detect a gene in molecular epidemiology

A

NAAT, microarray, dot blots, southern blots, sequencing

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18
Q

What methods can you use to detect a protein

A

ELISA followed by western blot, immunoblot

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19
Q

Influenza A virus has __ segments, __ proteins (+/-) and ___ genes

A

8 segments, 12 proteins, 10 genes

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20
Q

Segments of Influenza

A
  1. PB2
  2. PB1
  3. PA
  4. HA
  5. NP
  6. NA
  7. M1 and M2
  8. NS1 and NS2
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21
Q

What is a DRIFT

A

mutation over time

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22
Q

What is a SHIFT

A

co-infection of bird influenza and human

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23
Q

ANTIGENIC SHIFT

A

every 30-40 years there is possibility of epidemic event
- when new people (babies) come into the population, the proportion of immune people decreases which increases the possibility of a pandemic

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24
Q

Define incidence

A

the number of new cases reported in a population in a given period of time

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25
Q

Define prevalence

A

the total amount of new and existing disease cases reported in a population in a given period of time

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26
Q

What is Morbidity rate

A

the incidence of disease in a population that includes both fatal and non-fatal diseases (rate at which illness occurs)

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27
Q

What is Mortality rate

A

the incidence of death in a population
- usually reported for a specific cause (e.g. covid19)

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28
Q

What is case fatality ratio

A

the number of confirmed cases that died of a particular disease for a given period (e.g. 2119 confirmed cases, 171 deaths = 8% CFR)
- usually in an epidemiological study (often outbreak)
- usually not entire population, just sample of population

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29
Q

disease that occurs only occasionally (e.g. dengue in congo)

A

Sporadic disease

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30
Q

disease that is constantly present in a population (reservoirs)

A

Endemic disease

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31
Q

disease acquired by many people in a given area in a short time (starts as an outbreak → as soon as you start tracking and treating people the curve may flatten)

A

Epidemic disease

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32
Q

worldwide epidemic (several epidemics that are all continuous)

A

Pandemic disease

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33
Q

Acute disease

A

symptoms develop rapidly but the disease lasts only a short time
e.g. hep A

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34
Q

Chronic disease

A

symptoms develop slowly
e.g. hep C

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35
Q

Subacute disease

A

intermediate between acute and chronic
e.g. streptococcus

36
Q

Latent disease

A

causative agent is inactive for a time but then activates and produces symptoms
e.g. tuberculosis

37
Q

Herd immunity

A

immunity in most of a population
- reduces susceptible, increase cured

38
Q

Local Infection

A

pathogens are limited to a small area of the body

39
Q

Systemic (generalized) Infection

A

an infection throughout the body

40
Q

Focal infection

A

systemic infection that began as a local infection
e.g. meningitis by s. pneumonia

41
Q

Sepsis

A

toxic inflammatory condition arising from the spread of microbes, especially bacteria or their toxins, from a focus of infection

42
Q

Bacteremia

A

bacteria in the blood (not growing but spreading)

43
Q

Septicemia

A

also known as blood poisoning; growth of bacteria in the blood

44
Q

Toxemia

A

toxins in the blood

45
Q

Viremia

A

viruses in the blood

46
Q

Primary infection

A

acute infection that causes the initial illness

47
Q

Secondary infection

A

opportunistic infection after a primary (predisposing) infection
e.g. streptococcus pneumonia from untreated flu

48
Q

Subclinical disease

A

no noticeable signs or symptoms (inapparent infection)(asymptomatic)
e.g. sars cov2 incubation phase

49
Q

Disease incubation period

A

interval between intitial infection and first signs and symptoms

50
Q

Disease prodromal period

A

short period after incubation; early, mild symptoms

51
Q

Disease period of illness

A

disease is most severe

52
Q

Disease period of decline

A

signs and symptoms subside

53
Q

Disease period of convalescence

A

body returns to its pre-diseased state

54
Q

does a viral or bacterial infection grow?

A

bacterial infections grow, viral infections just replicate/multiply

55
Q

Name some animal reservoirs

A

fleas, ticks, mosquitos

56
Q

What is vehicle transmission? What is an example?

A

transmision by an inanimate reservoir
e.g. waterborne, foodborne, or airborne

57
Q

2 methods vectors use to transmit diseases

A
  1. mechanical (arthropod carries pathogen on feet)
  2. biological (pathogen reproduces in vector, transmitted via bites or feces)
58
Q

What does SIR stand for?

A

susceptible, infected, recovered

59
Q

what are non-living agents called

A

fomites

60
Q

2 Public Health Measures for the Control of Disease

A
  1. controls against the reservoir
  2. controls directed against transmission of the pathogen
61
Q

What are some possible controls directed against transmission of pathogen?

A

vaccines, quarantine, surveillance, pathogen eradication

62
Q

What are emerging infectious diseases?

A

diseases that are new, increasing in incidence, or showing a potential to increase in the near future

63
Q

diseases that suddenly become prevalent are called

A

emergent

64
Q

diseases that have become prevalent after having been under control

A

reemerging diseases

65
Q

What are some things that could lead to the emergence of a disease?

A
  • Human demographics and behavior
  • Technology and industry
  • Economic development and land use
  • International travel and commerce
  • Microbial adaptation and change
  • Breakdown of public health measures
  • Abnormal natural occurrences
66
Q

Notifiable Infectious Diseases are…

A

diseases in which physicians are required to report occurence

67
Q

morbidity rate

A

number of people affected in relation to the total population in a given time period

68
Q

mortality rate

A

number of deaths from a disease in relation to the population in a given time

69
Q

Whats an HIA

A

Healthcare-Associated Infection

70
Q

nosocomial infection

A

HAI

71
Q

what do HAIs result from?

A
  • microorganisms in the hospital environment
  • weakened status of the host
  • chain of transmission in a hospital
72
Q

3 steps in PCR

A
  1. denature
  2. anneal
  3. elongate
73
Q

Why are worldwide health authorities so concerned about H5N1?

A

1) H5N1 kills 100% domestic chicken. So extremely virulent
2) Because it is an RNA virus it is prone to mutation and to cross the species barrier
3) After emergence of HIV infection, millions of people are immunocompromised and therefore more sensitive to fatal infection by the flu.
4) Unlike most other flu virus killing from subsequent bacterial infections, H5N1 is similar to Spanish flu in killing infected individuals through cyanosis or acute respiratory distress
5) H5N1 has never circulated in the human population - Host population has never developed a
natural immunity against this virus (p.11).
6) Limited ways to treat infections.

74
Q

How many Americans are i) hospitalized and ii) die of the flu every year?

A

i) 200,000, ii) 38,000

75
Q

How many people died of Spanish Flu in
1918 iii) in the USA and iv) in the World?

A

iii) 675,000, iv) 50,000,000

76
Q

What role does WHO and FAO play in preventing pandemics that a national government even as powerful as the USA
cannot play on their own?

A

WHO overseas certified labs all over the world, chase rumors of pandemics and rectify information on the basis of scientific findings, pushed
government for transparencies, acts as an arbiter in vaccine production, trade embargoes, and border disputes. FAO monitors flu outbreak in
animal populations worldwide.

77
Q

what does WHO stand for?

A

world health organization

78
Q

what does FAO stand for?

A

food and agriculture organization

79
Q

What is the name of the new vaccine being developed against TB?

A

M72

80
Q

What is the main difference between the old and the new vaccine for TB?

A

The old BCG is a live virus that trigger an immune response without an infection

The new virus is a sub-unit vaccine

81
Q

The new vaccine seems to be at least 50% against TB in what type of patients?

A

Patient with latent infection (asymptomatic)

82
Q

How many lives could be saved and how many cases could be prevented with this
new vaccine?

A

8.5 million lives could be saved and 76 million cases.

83
Q

what does CDC stand for?

A

center of disease control and protection

84
Q

what does USDA stand for

A

US department of agriculture

85
Q

What does FDA stand for?

A

food and drug administration

86
Q

what does ASPR stand for?

A

administration for strategic preparedness and response

BIO225 (5 decks)

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