Human life cycle Flashcards
1
Q
Stages of change
A
- Pre-contemplation: not even thinking about the problem
- Contemplation: thinking about the problem and dabbling w/ the idea of change
- Preparation stage: fully recognizes the importance of change, considers how to change
- Action stage: new behaviors are implemented, if unstable the can be lost
- Maintenance: initial goal of behaviors are met and are now relatively stable, soon “automatic”
- Possibility (but not a stage): relapse to any stage of change
2
Q
Developmental lines
A
-Physical growth, motor skills, control of bodily functions, cognitive development, social/emotional development
3
Q
Stress and regretion
A
-Adults and children regress to earlier stages of development when sick or stressed
4
Q
Nature/Nurture
A
- Temperament (behavioral style): personality traits that are heritable (nature)
- Ex: approach to or avoidance of new stimuli. Babies that are novelty avoid ant are prone to anxiety later in life
- Attachment: nature plus nurture. Parents and children have innate drive to seek one another for survival of offspring
- The child’s behavior on reunions is the most important indicator
- Disorganized attachments are considered particularly high-risk for later psychiatric illness
- Secure attachment leads to lower risk, promotes empathy
5
Q
Infancy (0-12 months)
A
- 6 weeks: social smile, following objects across midline
- 7-12 mo: crawling
- 12 mo: first words and walking
- Cognitive development: “sensory-motor phase”
- 1-4 mo: objects are “out of sight out of mind”
- 4-6 mo: beginning object permanence
- 7-10 mo: established object permanence
- 7 mo: pronounced stranger anxiety, attachment style established by 10 mo
- 0-12 mo: oral phase, child interacts w/ world via mouth
- 12 mo: most have transitional (comfort) object
- Stage of trust vs mistrust
6
Q
Toddlerhood (1-3 yr)
A
-18 mo: avg 50 words, parallel play
-24 mo: combines words into 2-3 phrases
-2-3 yr: beginning of fantasy play
-3 yr: toilet training
Cognitive development: capacity to think/plan is no match for impulse to act
-up to 2 yrs is sensory-motor phase
-2-6 yrs is pre-operational period
-10-16 mo: early separation/individuation. Uses caregiver as “secure base”
-16-25 mo: late separation/individuation. Some oppositional behavior is normal (terrible twos, tantrums)
-2-3 yrs: fears regarding “bodily integrity” interest/overreaction in injuries
-Freud’s anal stage (1-3 yrs): preoccupied w/ stool, toilets
-Autonomy vs shame/doubt
7
Q
Preschool (3-6 yr)
A
- Live to play, symbolic/imaginary/ storytelling. Imaginary friends are normal, monsters are normal
- Must master basic social skills (sharing, taking turns, reciprocity). Failure of these leads to hitting/biting
- Cognitive development: pre-operational stage
- Conservation not understood. Egocentrism, inability to distinguish fantasy from reality, magical thinking (wishing for it makes it happen), interpret medical procedures as punishment
- Leads children to think something is their fault when it isn’t
- Freud: phallic/oedipal stage. normal behaviors include masturbation and playing doctor
- Realizes they are not the center of the universe, establish clear empath
- initiative vs guilt
8
Q
-School age (6-11 yr)
A
- 5-6 begin 1st grade, play w/ same-sex (cooties), friends, best friends are very important
- Bullying, but no other aggression
- Require rules, fairness, grouping, play to win
- Hobbies
- Cognitive development: concrete operations
- Conservation understood
- 7 yr: knows the difference btwn reality and fantasy
- Development of “executive functions”
- Freud’s latency stage: relief from sexual/power drives allows space for mastery of cognitive, athletic, and moral/social skills
- strong, often punitive, conscience
- industry vs inferiority
9
Q
Adolescence
A
- Onset of puberty (9-10 for girls, 11 for boys)
- Social play, development of peer relationships, understanding cliques, talking on phone/texting/facebook
- Relationships primarily same-sex early on, but later is mixed
- Cognitive development: Formal operational stage. Form hypotheses, deductive reasoning
- higher cognitive functions (lag behind): judgement, risk assessment are impaired
- Struggle w/ aggressive and sexual impulses
- variability in self-esteem and mood
- Early adolescence we see the relaxation of the conscience, departure from parents rules, experimentation w/ identity, risk-taking behaviors
- Chronic conflict with and wholesale rejection of parent’s rules and values is not notaml
- Concerned w/ larger social welfare
- Identity vs role-diffusion
10
Q
Biophyschosocial aspects of adult development
A
- Early adulthood: biological (peak of biological development), psychological (intimacy vs isolation)
- Middle adulthood: biological (climacterium: decreased physiological function), physchological (stagnation vs generativity)
- Late adulthood: biological (aging), psychological (integrity vs despair)
11
Q
Types of loss
A
- Real loss: death of a family member
- Threatened loss: threat to survival
- Symbolic loss: real loss w/ impact to society
- Fantasized loss: imagining negative consequences
12
Q
Stages of bereavement (reaction to death)
A
- Numbness or protest
- Yearning for lost figure
- Disorganization and despair
- Reorganization
- For children: protest, despair, detachment
13
Q
Bereavement vs depression
A
- intense but transient symptoms for bereavement
- thoughts of suicide usually not present in bereavement
- some psychotic and emotional symptoms pertaining to the lost figure
- some feelings of guilt
- improves over time, where as depression is continuous
14
Q
Diseases related to aging
A
- Macular degeneration
- Tympan-sclerosis
- Basal cell CA
- Dementia
- Atherosclerosis
- Hypertension
- Obesity
15
Q
Normal changes of aging
A
- Change in body composition
- Declined exercise HR but unchanged resting heart rate
- decreases FEV and FVC, unchanged TLC, thus increased RV. decreased central ventilatory response to hypoxia
- Normal serum creatinine does not mean normal renal function (overestimates GFR)
- Requires assessment of activities of daily life, instrumental activities of daily life, and advanced activities of daily life
