Human Intervention in Evolution

Question 1

Selective/ artifical breeding

Answer 1

When humans choose the breeding partners which have desirable traits, to increase the likelihood of their offspring also showing the trait.

Question 2

Chemical usage

Answer 2

To control agricultural pests and bacteria

Question 3

Cloning

Answer 3

Making genetically identical offspring to the parent

Question 4

Transgenic organisms

Answer 4

organisms that have genes from another species inserted. The genotype is being altered.

Question 5

Gene Therapy

Answer 5

The insertion of a normally functioning allele into an individual with a genetic disorder

Question 6

Genetic screening

Answer 6

Individuals are assessed to discover whether they are carriers of a recessive trait or likely to develop other conditions later in life.

Question 7

Stem cell therapy

Answer 7

They are capable of self-renewal and they have the ability to differentiate into specialised cells

Question 8

Therapeutic cloning

Answer 8

Cloning to make tissues particular to the patient’s needs using their own DNA using nuclear transfer

Question 9

Somatic (adult) stem cells - Multipotent

Answer 9

can be obtained from skin cells, bone marrow and umbilical cord blood. Multipotent stem cells can differentiate into types of cells of their original tissue

Question 10

Embryonic stem cells - pluripotent

Answer 10

Obtained from the blastocyst (5 day old embryo). They can differentiate into all cells.

Question 11

Totipotent stem cells

Answer 11

They can differentiate into every cell type including the placenta

Question 12

GMO

Answer 12

Genetically Modified Organisms: organisms that may have had genotypes modified but not necessarily insertion of a gene from another species.

Question 13

Induced embryonic stem cells

Answer 13

allows embryonic stem cells to be produced from somatic cells. This removes the need for embryos.

Question 14

Selective breeding consequences

Answer 14

+ more productive farming
+ more profit
+ more organisms produced with desired traits
- less biodiversity
- greater susceptability for extinction
* increase in homozygous organisms
* Increased allele frequency with desired traits

Question 15

Transgenic organism consequences

Answer 15

\+increased food production
\+ Higher yields
\+ reduced need for insecticides
\+ Inceased shelf life
- unpredictable outcomes
- safety concerns
- 'playing god'
- possible allergies
- expensive
- less genetic diversity
* less insecticide entering waterways
* purer chemicals

Question 16

Genetic screening consequences

Answer 16

\+ Informed life choices
\+ Early treatment/ prevention
- may not be accurate
- leads to anxiety
- you have to disclose the information to insurance companies.
*people may terminate pregnacies

Question 17

Gene therapy consequences

Answer 17

+ symptoms are removed
+ less medicines
+ better quality of life
- expensive
- risky
* somatic cell do no affect offspring - allele frequencies can increase
* germline cells reduces diversity as it affects the offspring.

Question 18

Cloning consequences

Answer 18

\+increase genetic output
\+ identical copies of organisms with desirable traits
- lack of genetic diversity
- low birth rate 
* changes in allele frequency

Question 19

Stem cell therapy consequences

Answer 19

\+ cure
\+ replace nerve tissue
- tissue rejection
- very expensive
- time consuming 
* increasing allele frequency
E - drived from embryos