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Biology Unit 1 > Human Impacts > Flashcards

Human Impacts Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two types of conservation?

A
  • In situ conservation
  • Ex situ conservation
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2
Q

What is in situ conservation?

A

In situ conservation is the primary focus for conserving biological diversity and endeavors to manage and conserve species in their natural habitat.

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3
Q

What is ex situ conservation?

A

Ex situ conservation aims to conserve components of biological diversity outside their natural habitats, complementing in situ activities and supporting species recovery.

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4
Q

What are two reasons for habitat destruction?

A
  • Urbinisation
  • Agriculture
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5
Q

How does a rising population of humans affect the area cleared as part of habitat destruction.

A

Rising human population means more area is required to be cleared for urbanisation and agriculture.

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6
Q

How does urbanisation affect biodiversity?

A

Reduces biodiversity as urban areas are dominated by humans. Matter and energy are not able to cycle natural and addition inputs are required to maintain high density of humans. Increased volumes of waste (rubbish and gases).

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7
Q

How does habitats being cleared for agriculture affect biodiversity?

A

20% of natural forest in Australian has been cleared for agriculture with up to 90% of vegetation clearing in more fertile areas eg. the SW of WA. Reduces biodiversity as monocultures replace diverse forests.

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8
Q

What is habitat fragmentation?

A

Occurs when some parts of the habitat of an ecosystem are separated into isolated sections.

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9
Q

What causes habitat fragmentation?

A

Occurs as a result of land clearing for agriculture, roads, urbanisation and other human activities.

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10
Q

How does habitat fragmentation affect biodiversity?

A

Sub-populations are not able to interbreed which limits gene flow. Biodiversity is impacted as smaller fragments are unable to support large
numbers of species.

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11
Q

What are introduced species?

A

Species that humans have intentionally or unintentionally moved from their native location to a new ecological region.

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12
Q

What are invasive species?

A

Introduced species that manage to establish populations in their new ecological region. Often they lack predators parasites and pathogens that kept populations under control in their natural habitat.

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13
Q

What are pest species?

A

Native species whose populations have increased to the point where they are having a negative impact on other species.

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14
Q

What are feral species?

A

Domesticated species that have escaped captivity and have the potential to become invasive.

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15
Q

What are world heritage sites?

A

Areas with significant cultural and natural heritage and identifies, managed and preserved. Eg. Great Barrier Reef and Shark Bay.

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16
Q

What are biodiversity hotspots?

A

Conservation of areas that are rich in unique and threatened biodiversity Eg. South West of Western Australia.

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17
Q

What is the protection of international migration routes and areas used for breeding?

A

Minimising development and large vessels in migration routes or breeding grounds of animals. Eg. Whale Sharks.

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18
Q

What are some examples of international collaboration for conservation?

A
  • World heritage sites
  • Biodiversity hotspots
  • Protection of international migration routes and areas used for breeding
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19
Q

What is climate change?

A

A significant long term change in global climate that includes changes in the average and variability of, for example, temperature and precipitation.

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20
Q

What evidence is there for climate change?

A
  • Rise in global temperatures
  • Rise in atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide.
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21
Q

What are greenhouse gases?

A

The gases in the atmosphere that trap heat (insulated) and warm the planet (more heat entering than leaving).

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22
Q

Identify 4 greenhouse gases. (4 marks)

A
  • CO2
  • H2O
  • CH4
  • NO
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23
Q

Explain how greenhouse gases are enhancing the greenhouse effect. (5 marks)

A
  • Solar radiation entering atmosphere as UV radiation and visible light.
  • Solar radiation heats the Earth.
  • Some radiation re-emitted (long wave infrared radiation).
  • Increased greenhouse gas, preventing remitted radiation from leaving.
  • Increased heating of the Earth.
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24
Q

Explain how accumulation of atmospheric greenhouse gases has impacted fire risk within Australia. (4 marks)

A
  • Increase greenhouse gases lead to increase atmosphere + surface temperature.
  • Increased temperature allows fuels to burn more easily.
  • Fires burn with higher temperatures (hotter flames).
  • Larger areas burning/more out of control burning.
25
Q

What is deforestation?

A

The removal of trees.

26
Q

What is a genetic strategy for ex-situ conservation?

A

Seed banks

27
Q

What are seed banks?

A

A reservoir for genetic plant material, especially for threatened species.

28
Q

What is an environmental conservation strategy for in-situ conservation?

A

Bush corridors.

29
Q

What are bush corridors?

A

Connect isolated habitats to allow sub-populations to interbreed to increase gene flow.

30
Q

What is an management conservation strategy for in-situ conservation?

A

Protected areas/guides

31
Q

What are protected areas/guides?

A

Protected areas and standards Guides and rules set out to minimise human impact. Can be for individual species (eg. bag limits on crayfish) or for whole ecosystems.

32
Q

What are 3 conservation strategies for habitat fragmentation?

A
  • Protecting remaining areas of wildlife
  • Reforestation
  • Bush corridors
33
Q

What is erosion and how is it caused?

A
  • Hard hooved agricultural species (sheep, cows, horses) compact soil allowing invasive shallow rooted plants to grow and out compete native deeper rooted species.
  • Sheep are selective grazers and therefore the species they prefer are impacted. Overgrazing leads to erosion due to soil being exposed to wind and rainwater.
34
Q

What is drylands salinity?

A

The process where salts usually found under the surface of the soil are transported to the surface by a rising water table. This occurs when shallow rooted crops replace deep rooted trees.

35
Q

What is percolation?

A

Percolation is when the water table rises and water moves through the soil.

36
Q

What happens before clearing in drylands salinity?

A
  • Most water is used where it falls.
  • The system is in balance.
37
Q

What happens after clearing in drylands salinity?

A
  • Saline ground water rises and is concentrated at the surface by evaporation.
  • Vegetation is affected.
38
Q

What happens later in drylands salinity?

A
  • Accumulation of the salt at the surface kills protective plant cover.
  • The land is open to erosion.
39
Q

What is over-harvesting?

A

Harvesting at a rate that exceeds the species ability to replenish itself.

40
Q

What are some conservation strategies for over-harvesting?

A
  • Creating/monitoring protected areas.
  • Bag limits/size limits
  • Research projects
  • Areas closed to fishing.
41
Q

What is biomagnification?

A

The increasing build up of toxins in the body tissues of organisms as the trophic level increases.

42
Q

What are some conservation strategies for eutrophication?

A
  • Crop rotation with legumes to limit fertilizer use
  • Slow release fertilizers
  • Divert nutrient runoff to avoid entering water ways
  • Use of native riparian vegetation on the edge of waterways to act as nutrient traps to absorb excess nutrients
  • Keep lifestock away from waterways
  • Oxygen bubblers along the waterway
  • Removing algae from the waterways to use as fertiliser elsewhere
43
Q

What are 4 types of environmental management for conservation of introduced/invasive species?

A
  • Chemical control
  • Biological control
  • Culling
  • Reintroduction
44
Q

What is chemical control?

A

Pesticides and baits.

45
Q

What is an advantage of chemical control?

A

Quick and effective.

46
Q

What is a disadvantage of chemical control?

A

Can accumulate in the ecosystem and can be dangerous to unintended victims

47
Q

What is biological control?

A

General predators (consumes a variety of pest species), specialist predators (consumes a specific pest species), parasites, microbial diseases.

48
Q

What is culling?

A

The culling of species of animal that are pests.

49
Q

What is an example of culling?

A

Red and grey kangaroos, although native, have become pest species as their populations have increased as a result of increase access to water for cattle.

50
Q

What is reintroduction of species?

A

Reintroducing native species that have been devastated by the introduction of invasive species. This method is only successful when the native species is reintroduced in a non-infested ecosystem.

51
Q

Why does the ecosystem of reintroduced species have to be non-infested?

A

If the ecosystem is still infested when the species are reintroduced it is highly likely that the species will just die out again.

52
Q

What are training programs?

A

Humans can train organisms to avoid toxic or otherwise dangerous introduced species by humans.

53
Q

What is an example of a training program?

A

Quolls can be caught and feed small amounts of Cane Toad poison which is enough to make them feel unwell but not enough to kill them.

54
Q

What are the disadvantages of training programs?

A

Requires large amount of time and money, invasive towards the organisms being caught and trained, trail and error trying to find how much poison will make them sick without doing any permanent damage, difficult to teach animals to associate the poison with the Cane Toad in the wild.

55
Q

What are 1080 baits?

A

Made from chemical from Gastrolobium plants which is toxic.

56
Q

Why do native species not die from 1080 baits but introduced species do?

A

Gastrolobium is native to South Western Australia so native species have built up a tolerance to the toxin. Introduced species such as foxes and cats do not have a tolerance and they are killed.

57
Q

What is a disadvantage of 1080 baits?

A

Baits or carcasses can be eaten by domestic animals eg dogs which kills them.

58
Q

Explain how eutrophication occurs.

A
  • Nitrogen and phosphorous fertilisers are added to the soil. This causes excess nutrients to build up in the soil.
  • Nutrients dissolve in water and leech through deep soil layers to ground water which eventually drains to ponds and lakes (some nutrients run off directly into water bodies).
  • Extra nutrients causes algal blooms.
  • Sunlight is blocked by algal bloom. This causes photosynthesis by underwater plants to be stopped or weakened.
  • Algal blooms die and drop to the bottom of lake/pond. Bacteria decomposes the algae which takes up dissolved oxygen in the water.
  • Larger life forms do not have enough oxygen leading to ‘dead zones’.

Biology Unit 1 (13 decks)

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