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human health and diseases Flashcards

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1
Q

who is the father of medicine

A

hippocrate

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2
Q

blood circulation is discovered by

A

william harvey

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3
Q

what is health by hippocrate and indian ayurveda

A

balancing of certain body humors

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4
Q

what are differerent body fluids

A

black bile [person with fever], yellow bile , cough, blood

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5
Q

what is modern define of health

A

physical , mental , social well being

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6
Q

health can be affected by

A

infections , genetic disorders , life style

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7
Q

ourhealth can be maintained by

A

balanced diet , personal hygene , regular exercise and yoga , awarness , vaccination , disposal , vector control food and watter hygene

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8
Q

what is disease

A

any change from normal state that caused discomfert and affect the working of organs and system with some sign and symptoms

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9
Q

types of diseases

A

cogenital and acquired

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10
Q

acquired diseases are categorised into

A

communicable and non communicable

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11
Q

caracterstics of communicable

A

spread by pathogens like viruses , bacteria , fungi , etc. and are infectious

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12
Q

examples of communicable

A

AIDS

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13
Q

characters of non communicable

A

non infectious and non spreadable

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14
Q

examples of non communicable

A

cancer , deficiency disorder and drug abbuse

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15
Q

pathogen for typhoid

A

solmonnela typhis

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16
Q

ways of typhoid to come into the body

A

to small interstine by contaminated food and waterand migrates to other organs

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17
Q

symptoms of typhoid

A

fever , headache weekness , stomach pain , interstinal abnormalities and death

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18
Q

classical case of medicine for typhoid

A

widel test [ mary mallon is typhoid carrier]

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19
Q

pathogen for pneumonia

A

steptococus pneumoniae , haemophilius influenza

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20
Q

weys of spreading of pneumoniae

A

by droplets of aerosal infections

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21
Q

infection of pneuminia infect what part of the body

A

infect alviolie of lungs and alviolie filled with mucous

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22
Q

symptoms of pneumonia

A

fever[chills] , cough , headache , SEVERE CASES—— lips , hairs turns grey to blue

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23
Q

pthogen for diptheria

A

coryhebacterium diphtheriae

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24
Q

symptoms for diptheria

A

fever , throat , suffocaton

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25
Q

pathogen for plaque [black fever]

A

yersinia pestis

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26
Q

symptoms for plaque

A

fever , headache , axillary lymph nodes enlargement , red patches on skin

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27
Q

two imp. viral disease

A

common cold , hepatitis -B

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28
Q

common cold is cauesed by

A

rihno viruses [group of viruses]

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29
Q

characters of common cold

A

most infectious human ailments caused through droplets by cough and sneeze last for 3—7 days

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30
Q

symptoms of common cold

A

nasal cognetion , sore throat , horseness

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31
Q

hepatitisB Spread by

A

HBV

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32
Q

symptoms of hepatitis B

A

lever damage , jaundice

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33
Q

two helmenthic disease

A

ascariasis and eliphantiasis

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34
Q

ascariasis caused by

A

ascaris lumbicoids [roundworm]

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35
Q

symptoms of ascariasis

A

intestinal parasites , bleeding , pain ,fevee , anamia , blockage

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36
Q

what cause elephantiasis [filiariasis]

A

wucherararia [Wbronchofti] [filarial worm]

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37
Q

sympoms of eliphantiais

A

slow development of chronic inflammation of orgams in which they live . lymph vessels of lower limb blocks. genital organs affected.[sweeled] transmmit by female mosquitos[culex]

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38
Q

name of fungal disease

A

ringworm

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39
Q

what cause ringworm

A

microsporum , tricophyton, epidermophyton

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40
Q

charactrs of ringworm

A

spread from soil , imfected towels and clothes. most common infectious disaase.

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41
Q

symptoms of ringworm

A

dry , scaly lesions on the skin , nails , scalp , etc

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42
Q

malaria is caused by

A

plasmodium

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43
Q

malaria causing species of plsmodium

A

P vivax ————-[60 —65%] P malaria————[1%] P falciparum———-[30—40%]

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44
Q

malignant malaria caused by

A

P falciparum [most dangerous]

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45
Q

plasmodium enters human body as

A

sporozoids

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46
Q

plasmodium need how many host with names

A

2 hosts human ,, female anopheles mosquitos

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47
Q

sexual stage of plasmodium is in

A

mosquito

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48
Q

asexual stage of plasmodium is in

A

human

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49
Q

plasmodim sporozoids multiply in

A

liver cells

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50
Q

when RBC bursts in huma in malaria what toxin release

A

haemozoin

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51
Q

sporozoids store in what of mosquitos

A

salivary glands

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52
Q

what are the symptoms of malaria

A

fever in a gap of 3—4 days

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53
Q

amobiasis [amoboic dysantry] is caused by

A

entamoeba histolytica [ paracite in the large interstine of humans]

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54
Q

infective stageof amobic dysentry

A

tetranucleated cyst

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55
Q

amobic dysentry spreaded by

A

house fly

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56
Q

symptoms of amibiasis

A

abdominal pain , ceramps , stools with mucus and blood clots

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57
Q

what is immunity

A

overall ability of the host to fight the disease causing organism conferred by immune system

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58
Q

types of immunity

A

innate immunity aquired immunity

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59
Q

what is innate immunity

A

non specific defence present at the time of birth

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60
Q

types of innate immunity

A

physical barriers [ skin, mucus] physiological barriers [ acid in stomach, tears ] cellular barriers [ leucocytes WBC, polymorphic - nuclear leucocytes {PMNL neutrophills}] cytokine barriers [INTERFERONS, protect non-infected cells from further infections]

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61
Q

aquired immunity is specific to

A

pathogens

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62
Q

when our body encounters a pathogen for the first time the response is called

A

primary response

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63
Q

secondary response is also known as

A

anamnestic response

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64
Q

two lymphocytes present in ourblood

A

B lymphocytes T lymphocytes

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65
Q

what is the role of B lymph.

A

to produce antibodies against pathogens

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66
Q

what is the role of T lumphocytes

A

to help B lymph. to produce antibiotics

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67
Q

discribe the structure of antibodies

A

have four peptide chains [TWO LIGHT CHAINS] [TWO HEAVY CHAINS]

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68
Q

antibodies is represented by

A

H2L2

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69
Q

types of antibodies are

A

IgA IgM IgE IgG

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70
Q

antibodies response is also known as

A

HUMORAL IMMUNE RESPONSE

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71
Q

TWo types of aquired immune response

A

antibodies mediated cell mediated

72
Q

T lumph. is controlling

A

CMI

73
Q

WHEN HUMAN organs stop working what is the way to keep a human alive

A

organ transplantation

74
Q

what are essential steps before taking the grafts

A

tissue matching , blood group matching

75
Q

what is responsible for graft rejection

A

CMI

76
Q

WHWN a host is exposed to the sntigens waht kingd of immunity is produced

A

ACTIVE IMMUNITY

77
Q

When ready-made immunity is provided to the host its is called

A

PASSIVE IMMUNITY

78
Q

WHAT kind of immunity is faster

A

passive immunity

79
Q

what antibodies are provided by colostrum

A

IgA

80
Q

FOETUS get antibodies from

A

placenta

81
Q

what kind of cells are produced by vaccination

A

B cells and T cells

82
Q

what are antitoxin

A

a prepratation of antibodies for toxins

83
Q

vaccination is a kind of

A

passive immunity

84
Q

hepatitis B vaccine is provided by

A

yeast

85
Q

what is allergy

A

the exaggrated response of the immune system to certain antigens in environment is called allergy

86
Q

antibodies for allergies are

A

IgE type

87
Q

symptoms of allergy are

A

snezzing , watery eyes , running nose , breathing problems

88
Q

allergy is due to the release of

A

histamine and serotonine from mast cells

89
Q

what are the causes of allergies

A

weak immune system protected environment in the early stages of life

90
Q

waht is auto immuity

A

the abilitynto differenciate self from foregin in vertibrates

90
Q

what is autoimmunity

A

the ability to differentiate self from foreign in vertebrates

91
Q

what is autoimmune disease

A

the body attack self cells

92
Q

examples of autoimmune disease

A

rheumatoid arthritis

93
Q

mane the primary lymphoid organs

A

bone marrow, thymus,

94
Q

role of primary lymphoid organs

A

differentiation maturation and migration

95
Q

name sec. lymph. organs

A

spleen , lymph nodes, tonsils , Peyer’s patch in small intestine and appendix

96
Q

main lymphoid organ

A

bone marrow

96
Q

main lymphoid organ

A

bone marrow

97
Q

what is the character of the thymus

A

it gets small with age

98
Q

spleen a reservoir of

A

erythrocytes

99
Q

lymph tissue is also known as

A

MALT [mucous associated lymphoid tissue]

100
Q

MALT consists of how much of total lymph tissue in the human body

A

50% of the total

101
Q

full form of AIDS

A

auto immuno deficiency syndrome

102
Q

syndrome means

A

a group of symptoms

103
Q

AIDS first reported in

A

1981

104
Q

AIDS killing more then

A

25 million people

105
Q

AIDS is caused by

A

HIV

106
Q

Full form of HIV

A

human immuno deficiency virus

107
Q

HIV is a member of

A

retroviruses

108
Q

AIDS spreads by

A

[a] sexual contact with infected person. [b] trasfusion of contaminated blood and related products. [c] sharing infected needles like in case of drugs abuse. [d] from infected mother to her child through placenta.

109
Q

AIDS spread through

A

body fluids

110
Q

time lag between AIDS infection and symptoms

A

few months to 5—10 years

111
Q

HIV attacks

A

t lumphocytes

112
Q

symptoms of AIDS

A

bouts of fever , diarrhoea , weight loss

113
Q

test for AIDS

A

enzyme linked immuno sorbent assay [ELISA]

114
Q

what is the cure of AIDS

A

NO Cure just prevention

115
Q

national organisation from AIDS control

A

NACO [national aids control organisation]

116
Q

things to be done by goverment for aids prevention

A

making blood same from HIV use of disposable needles free distribution of condoms controlling drug abuse advocating safe sex

117
Q

what does the cancer cells do diffrent than normal cells

A

they loss the ability of contact inhibition

118
Q

what is contact inhibition

A

contact with other cells inhibit uncontrolled growth

119
Q

contact inhibition is shown by

A

normal body cells

120
Q

cancerous cells made a cluster of cells called

A

tumors

121
Q

what are the two kind of tumors

A

[1] benign [2] malignant

122
Q

character of benign cells

A

they confined to their origin position

123
Q

malignant cells are a group of prolifirative cells

A

neoplastic or tumor cells

124
Q

what are the characters of malignant cell

A

they move to different locations and cause damge to healthy body cells

125
Q

what are more dangerous benign cells or malignant cells

A

malignant cells

126
Q

waht is metastatis

A

the property of cancer cells when they move move blood and whereever they accumulate they form tumors

127
Q

what is the most feared property of cancer

A

metastatis

128
Q

waht are the cause of cancer

A

physical , chemical , bioogical

129
Q

waht are cancer causing agents called

A

carcinogens

130
Q

what are the examples of all the 3 cargogens

A

[1] PHYSICAL BARRIERS— Xrays , gamma rays , UV rays. [2] CHEMICAL BARRIERS— tobbaco smoke. [3] BIOLOGICAL BARRIERS— genetic causes.

131
Q

cancer causing viruses are called

A

oncogenic viruses have genes called viral oncogens

132
Q

three genes that can cause cancer are

A

viral oncogenes , cellular oncogenes , proto oncogenes

133
Q

three genes that can cause cancer are

A

viral oncogenes , cellular oncogenes , proto oncogenes

134
Q

cancer can be detected by

A

*biopsy *histopathological studies of tissues *blood and bone marrow tests for leukemias

135
Q

detection of internal organs cancer are

A
  • radiography [use of X rays] * ct [computed tomography] * MRI [magnetic resonance imaging]
136
Q

CT and X rays are doing

A

3 dimentional imaging

137
Q

MRI do use

A

strong mag.field and non ionizing radiations

138
Q

what are the treatments of cancer

A

surgery , radiation therapy , immunotherapy

139
Q

biological response modifiers that destry the tumors

A

alpha interferons

140
Q

commonly abused drugs are

A

opoids , cannabinoids , coca alkaloids

141
Q

majoritry of drugs are obtauined from

A

flowring plants, fungi

142
Q

opoids are bind to

A

opoid receptors present on CNS and gastrointwestinal tract

143
Q

characters of heroin [ smack]

A

it is a diacetylmorphine which is a white , odorless , bitter crystalline compound

144
Q

heroin is obtained by

A

acetylation of morphine

145
Q

morphine is extarcted from

A

latex of poppy plant [papaver somniferum]

146
Q

heroin is taken by

A

snorting ad injections

147
Q

what is heroin do to the body functions

A

depresent and slow down body functions

148
Q

cannabinoids binds to

A

cannabinoid receptors present in the brain

149
Q

cannadinoids are obtained from

A

infloresence of cannabis sativa

150
Q

diffrent parts of cannabin sativa gives

A

marijuana , hashish , charas , ganja

151
Q

cannabinoids are taken as

A

inhalation , oral injetion

152
Q

cannabinoids affect

A

cardiovascular system of the body

153
Q

coca alkaloids also knouwn as

A

cocain , coke, , crack

154
Q

cocain are taken from

A

coca plant [erythroxylum coca] in south america

155
Q

what cocain do

A

interfer ewith neuro tramsmittors dopamine

156
Q

cocain action on

A

CNS and cause europia , increased energy , excess dosage cause hallucination

157
Q

hallucination cause by

A

cocain , atropa bellandona , dhatura

158
Q

drugs used as medecine

A

morphine , barbiturates , amphetamines , benzodiazepines

159
Q

drugs used as medicine for

A

depression, insomnia, painkilling , for surgery

160
Q

what is drug abuse

A

when the drugs are taken other then medical purposes or more in quantities

161
Q

tobacco is used more then

A

400 years

162
Q

tobacoo is taken as

A

smoked , chewed , snuff

163
Q

tobacoo contains

A

nicoten [ an alkaloid]

164
Q

what nicotine does to the body

A

stimulate adrinal gland release anrenaline and non adrinaline into blood which inc. blood pressure and heart rate

165
Q

what are the diseases that tobacoo do

A

cancer[lungs , urinary bladder , throat , oral cavity] , bronchitis , emphysema , coronary heart disese , gastic ulcer, inc CO in blood reduce haemoglobin do oxygen deficiency

166
Q

what is adolesent stage

A

the period between 12 – 18 years

167
Q

waht cause youngsters to to take drugs

A

stress , pressure to exail in exmas,

168
Q

what happen with inc comsumption of drugs

A

the tolerance of receptors inc.

169
Q

waht happen if regular dose of drugs is reduced or stoped

A

depence is the tendency of the body to menifest a characterstic and unplesent withdrawl syndrom

170
Q

most common warning signs of drug abuse among youngsters

A

drop in academic performance, unexplained absence fromschool/college , withdrawl , isolation , depression, fatigue , etc.

171
Q

why sportmens do drugs

A

inc. muscle strength , promote agressiveness , inc . atheletic strength

172
Q

side effects of steroids on females

A

musculine features, agressiveness , mood swings , depression , abnormal menstrual cycle , enlargement i clitoris ,

173
Q

side effects of steroids on males

A

acne, agresssiveness, testicles size inc. , sperm prod. dec.kidney and liver disfunction , etc.

174
Q

what are the measures shouldbe taken for drug abbusers

A

[1] avoid undue peer pressure [2] education and councelling [3] seeking help from parents and peers [4] looking for danger signs seeking proffectional and medical help

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