Human Growth and Development, Chapter One Flashcards
What are the steps in the Scientific Method?
- Begin with a theory
- Develop a hypothesis
- Test the hypothesis
- Draw conclusions
- Report the results
What is Nature vs. Nurture?
Nature refers to the influence of genes, whereas Nurture refers to environmental influences beginning the health and diet of the embryo’s mother
What are the critical and sensitive periods of development?
The critical period is the time when things MUST occur for normal development. The sensitive period is when a particular development occurs most easily.
What is the difference-equals-deficit error?
The mistaken belief that a deviation from some norm is necessarily inferior to behavior or characteristics that meet the standard.
Essentially, the belief that someone is inferior if they are different.
What is a cohort?
A cohort is a group defined by its member’s shared age (born within a few years from one another).
What defines a person’s socioeconomic status (SES)?
SES reflects a person’s income, wealth, occupation, education, and place of residence.
What constitutes an ethic group?
People whose ancestors were born in the same region and who often share a language, culture, and religion
What is a social construction?
An idea that is based on shared perceptions, not on objective reality. A social construct is an idea created by the larger society such as “yuppie”
What does epigenetic mean?
Epigenetic refers to the effects of environmental forces on the expression of an individual’s or a species’, genetic inheritance.
What does it mean when development is referred to as being “plastic”?
The term “plasticity” refers to the molding of human traits while still allowing for individuals to maintain a certain durability of identity.
What are mirror neurons?
Mirror Neurons are cells in an observer’s brain that respond to an action performed by someone else in the same way they would if the observer had actually performed the action themselves.
What is the Psychoanalytic theory?
Psychoanalytic theory is a theory of human development developed by Sigmund Freud that holds that irrational, unconscious drives and motives, often originating in childhood, underlie human behavior.
What are the five (5) “stages” of Freud’s Psychoanalytic theory?
Birth to 1 year: Oral Stage 1-3 years: Anal Stage 3-6 years: Phallic Stage 6-11 years: Latency Adolescence: Genital Stage Adulthood: continuance of Genital Stage
What is the Oral Stage of Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory?
Birth to 1 year: The oral stage focuses on the lips, tongue, and gums as areas of pleasurable sensations in infants. Sucking and feeding are the most stimulating activities.
What is the Anal Stage of Freud’s
Psychoanalytic Theory?
1-3 years: The anus is the focus of pleasurable sensations, and toilet training is the most important activity.
What is the Phallic Stage of Freud’s
Psychoanalytic Theory?
3-6 years: The phallus (penis) is the most important body part. Boys are proud of their penises; girls wonder why they do not have one.
What is the Latency section in Freud’s
Psychoanalytic Theory?
6-11 years: Not really a stage, latency is an interlude during which sexual needs are quiet and children put psychic energy into conventional activities like schoolwork and sports.
What is the Genital Stage of Freud’s
Psychoanalytic Theory?
Adolescence through adulthood: The genitals are the focus of pleasurable sensations, and the young person seeks sexual stimulation and satisfaction in heterosexual relationships.
What is behaviorism?
Behaviorism is a theory of human development that studies observable behavior. It is also called “learning theory,” because it describes the laws and processes by which behavior is learned.
What are the eight (8) stages in Erik Erikson’s Psychosocial theory?
Birth-1 year: Trust vs. Mistrust 1-3 years: Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt 3-6 years: Initiative vs. Guilt 6-11 years: Industry vs. Inferiority Adolescence: Identity vs. Role Confusion Adulthood: Intimacy vs. Isolation Adulthood (cont.): Generativity vs. Stagnation Adulthood (cont.): Integrity vs. Despair
What is conditioning?
Conditioning is the process by which a response becomes linked to a particular stimuli.
What are the two types of conditioning?
Classical: Also called “respondent conditioning,” classical conditioning refers to the process in which an animal or person learns to associate a neutral stimulus with a meaningful stimulus.
Operant: Also called “instrumental conditioning,” operant conditioning refers to when an animal or person performs an action and a response occurs.
What is reinforcement?
Reinforcement refers to any consequence that follows a behavior and makes the person or animal likely to repeat that behavior.
What is social learning theory?
Social learning theory is an extension of behaviorism that emphasizes the influence that other people have over a person’s behavior. Even without reinforcement, every individual learns through observation and imitation of other people.
Who is the most famous cognitive theorist?
Jean Paiget
What are the four (4) steps in Paiget’s periods of cognitive development?
Birth to 2 years: Sensorimotor
2-6 years: Preoperational
6-11 years: Concrete Operational
12 years through adulthood: Formal Operational
What is the difference between assimilation and accommodation?
In assimilation new ideas are interpreted to fit into an individual’s existing mindset. (change the world)
In accommodation an individual’s existing mindset is restructured to include new experiences. (change self)
