Human Growth and Development

Question 1

Erik Erikson’s (8) Psychosocial Stages of Development - 1st Stage

Answer 1

1) Trust vs. Mistrust - Birth to 12 months. Infants must learn that adults can be trusted. Basic need met.

Question 2

Erik Erikson’s (8) Psychosocial Stages of Development - 2nd Stage

Answer 2

Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt- 1-3 years. Toddlers main task is to establish independence. “me do it” stage. They need the opportunity to act on their environment. If denied this, they will begin to doubt their abilities which could lead to low self-esteem and feelings of shame.

Question 3

Erik Erikson’s (8) Psychosocial Stages of Development - 3rd Stage

Answer 3

Initiative vs. Guilt - 3-6 years. Asserting control over their world and initiating activities through social interactions and play. Task- plan and achieve goals while interacting with others. Allow child to explore within limits and support child’s choice. Kids will develop self-confidence and feel an sense of purpose.

Question 4

Erik Erikson’s (8) Psychosocial Stages of Development - 4th Stage

Answer 4

Industry vs. Inferiority - 6-12 years. Meaningful activity and competence to perform a skill. Learning to get along with others, children begin comparing themselves to peers to see how they measure up. They should develop a sense of pride and accomplishments in their schoolwork, social activities, family life, etc.

Question 5

Erik Erikson’s (8) Psychosocial Stages of Development - 5th Stage

Answer 5

Identity vs. Role Confusion - 12-19 year. Who am I? Main task- developing sense of self. Adolescents may try on many different selves . If successful will have a strong sense of identity.

Question 6

Erik Erikson’s (8) Psychosocial Stages of Development - 6th Stage

Answer 6

Intimacy vs. Isolation - 18-mid 30s/early 40s. Need positive self-concept, sharing life with another, intimate romantic relationships.

Question 7

Erik Erikson’s (8) Psychosocial Stages of Development - 7th Stage

Answer 7

Generativity vs. Stagnation -40ish to mid 60’s. finding life’s work and contributing to the next generation/development of others.

Question 8

Erik Erikson’s (8) Psychosocial Stages of Development - 8th Stage

Answer 8

Integrity vs. Despair - mid 60s+. reflecting back on life and feeling either a sense of satisfaction of a sense of failure.

Question 9

Erik Erikson’s Psychosocial Development Theory

Answer 9

Model that emphasizes the challenges and tasks presented across the lifespan. Emphasized development within a social context (both the biological and genetic origins of behavior interacting with the direct influence of environmental forces over time). Each stage has a development task or “crisis” that needs to be resolved and influences the next developmental task.

Question 10

John B. Watsons’s Behaviorism Theory

Answer 10

Father of Behaviorism. Emphasized the role of the environment in the shaping of human development (and experience/learning). Person’s physical responses provided the only insight into internal actions.

Question 11

B.F Skinner (Behaviorist) - Operant Conditioning

Answer 11

Behavior is formed or shaped as a result of the consequences experienced. Operant Conditioning Model - behavior followed by rewarding stimulus more like to recur/endure than following a punishing consequence.

Question 12

Feud’s Psychodynamic Theory

Answer 12

Emphasizes essential role play by early childhood experiences and that a person’s psychological responses and behaviors were reflections of instinctual drive for pleasure. 5 stages, oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital.

Question 13

Freud’s Psychosexual Stages - Stage 1

Answer 13

Oral- Birth-1 year. Primary interaction with world is through mouth.

Question 14

Freud’s Psychosexual Stages - Stage 2

Answer 14

Anal - 1-3 years. Controlling bladder and bowel movements. Primary issue is toilet training. Too much pressure - excessive need for order and cleanliness. Too little pressure - messy and destructive behavior later in life

Question 15

Freud’s Psychosexual Stages - Stage 3

Answer 15

Phallic Stage - 3-6 years. Attraction to the opposite sex parent and adopts the values and characteristics of the same sex parent and form superego.

Question 16

Freud’s Psychosexual Stages - Stage 4

Answer 16

Latency Stage - 6-11 years. Developing social skills, values, relationships with peers outside of family

Question 17

Freud’s Psychosexual Stages - Stage 5

Answer 17

Genital Stage - 11-18 years. Strong interest in sex and onset of puberty, libido becomes active again

Question 18

Albert Bandura’s Social Learning Theory

Answer 18

People learn from one another via observation, imitation, and modeling. Bridge between behaviorists and cognitive learning theories. Emphasized the importance of observational learning (imitation/modeling). mental (cognitive) factors are involved in learning.

Question 19

Bandura’s (Social Learning) Four Mediational Process (Thought Processes)

Answer 19

1) attention - extent of noticing behavior
2) retention - behavior noticed but not remembered
3) reproduction - ability to perform behavior
4) motivation - the drive to perform behavior

Question 20

Jean Piaget’s Cognitive Development Theory

Answer 20

Describes how we gather and organize information and how this process changes developmentally. Believed children are born with basic mental structure on which all subsequent learning and knowledge is based.

Question 21

Schema (Piaget)

Answer 21

Cognitive Structures that people use to organize his or her experience and environment. Accommodation- creating new schemata by having a first encounter, then experiencing disequilibrium, then deciding to make a new schemata.

Question 22

Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development - First Stage

Answer 22

Sensorimotor Stage - Birth to 18 to 24 months. Infants adapt and organize experiences by way of sensory and motor actions. Simple reflexes to differentiating themselves from the external world. Object permanence begins here.

Question 23

Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development - Second Stage

Answer 23

Preoperational Stage - 2-7 years. Operates via representational and conceptual frameworks. Employs symbols to recreate or present experiences. Egocentrism and conservation are found in this stage.

Question 24

Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development - Third Stage

Answer 24

Concrete Operational Stage - 7-11 years. Can employ logic to concrete problems and objects.

Question 25

Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development - Fourth Stage

Answer 25

Formal Operational Stage - 11+. Abstract thinking, reasoning with complex symbols, think logically about abstract propositions and test hypotheses systematically. Concerned with hypothetical, future, and ideological problems.

Question 26

Lev Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Perspective

Answer 26

Children actively construct their knowledge. Emphasized the role of culture in promoting certain activities and not natural and invariant cognitive stages. Human development is the result of interactions between people and their social environment. Focus on cultural artifacts.

Question 27

George Engel’s Biopsychosocial Model of Development

Answer 27

A dynamic, interactional view of human experience in which there is a mutual influence of mind and body, by way of the interactive forces found with the biological, psychological, and sociocultural systems.

Question 28

Superego

Answer 28

Self-critical Conscience. Reflects social standards from parents and teachers. developed in the phallic (3-6 years) stage of psychosexual development. Morality.

Question 29

Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory

Answer 29

the id is the primitive and instinctual part of the mind that contains sexual and aggressive drives and hidden memories. The ego is the realistic part that mediates between the desires of the id and superego.

Question 30

Robert Perry’s Model of Cognitive Development during the College Years (4 stages) First Stage

Answer 30

Dualism - All problems have correct answers and authorities (Professors) can furnish these answers. Right or Wrong thinking. Frustrated with ambiguity and lack of authority in group work.

Question 31

Robert Perry’s Model of Cognitive Development during the College Years (4 stages) Second Stage

Answer 31

Multiplicity - Recognizing the fallibility of authority. Discomfort and begins to withdraw from authority and affirmation of peers. Might conclude no absolute truth exists.

Question 32

Robert Perry’s Model of Cognitive Development during the College Years (4 stages) Third Stage

Answer 32

Contextual Relativism - More-defensible and less-defensible solutions rather than a single correct answer or no answer. Not as practiced in evaluating evidentiary claims. Can regress when leaving the classroom.

Question 33

Robert Perry’s Model of Cognitive Development during the College Years (4 stages) Fourth/Final Stage

Answer 33

Commitment within Contextual Relativism - Appreciating ambiguity. Weighing ambiguous evidence and taking committed action in the face of uncertainty.

Question 34

Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development - Stage 1 Preconventional

Answer 34

1) Obedience or Punishment - Rules are fixed and absolute. Obeying rules if important to avoid punishment
2) Self-Interest - Decisions are made on what child receives (reward)

Question 35

Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development - Stage 2 Conventional

Answer 35

1) Interpersonal Accord and Conformity - Being moral is being a good person in your own eyes as well as others’. Majority is right.
2) Authority and Social Order Obedience - laws are unquestionably accepted and followed. being good = doings one’s duty and showing respect for authority

Question 36

Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development - Stage 3 Postconventional

Answer 36

1) Social Contract- Individuals can hold different opinions. Laws are social contracts and not rigid, should be respected, but individual rights can supersede laws if too restrictive or destructive.
2) Universal Ethical Principles- Moral action determined by inner conscience and may or may not agree with public opinion or society’s laws. Based on abstract reasoning using universal ethical principles.