Counseling and Helping Relationships

Question 1

The father of psychoanalysis and the Psychoanalytic Theory

Answer 1

Sigmund Freud

Question 2

Individual Psychology (Alfred Adler)

Answer 2

Alfred Adler. Overarching goal to help patients overcome feelings of inferiority. Thought birth order had a significant impact in this. All human behavior is goal oriented and motivated by striving for superiority. Inferiority complex/overcompensation. Created a rift in psychology and separated from Freud’s psychoanalysis.

Question 3

Analytical Psychology (Carl Jung)

Answer 3

Carl Jung - believed that we are motivated by repressed experiences and certain emotionally toned experiences inherited from our ancestors (collective unconscious) Highly developed elements are called archetypes. Pushed by both past events and pulled by future expectations.

Question 4

Transactional Analysis (TA)

Answer 4

Eric Berne - Focuses on social transactions to determine ‘ego states’ in order to better understand behavior

Question 5

Three Types of Transactional Analysis

Answer 5

1) Complementary - healthy, harmonious communication
2) Crossed - causes communication to break off, stepping into different ego states than anticipated
3) Ulterior - Three or more ego states interact at the same time. More at work than appears on the surface.

Question 6

3 Ego States of Transactional Analysis

Answer 6

1) Parent - based on the past and things that we have been taught
2) Adult - Based on here-and-now things that we have learned to help us interpret reality
3) Child - Based on the past; emotions and feelings we “felt” in our childhood

Question 7

Freud’s Topographical Model of the Mind

Answer 7

1) The conscious - small amount of mental activity that we know about
2) the preconscious- things we could be aware of if we wanted or tried. Memories
3) the unconscious - things we are unaware of and can not become aware of.

Question 8

Most important ego defense mechanism according to Freudians

Answer 8

Repression -repressing traumatic events that occurred in early stages of life

Question 9

Sublimation (defense mechanism)

Answer 9

acting out an unconscious impulse in a socially acceptable way

Question 10

Introjection (defense mechanism)

Answer 10

when a child accepts a caregiver or significant other’s values as their own ex) a sexually abuse child trying to sexually abuse other children

Question 11

Projection (defense mechanism)

Answer 11

attributing unacceptable qualities of his or her own to others

Question 12

Reaction Formation

Answer 12

acting in the opposite way of which you feel

Question 13

identification

Answer 13

identifying with a cause or successful person in the hope that you will be perceived as successful or worthwhile

Question 14

In contrast to Freud, Neo-Freudians emphasized

Answer 14

social factors

Question 15

Rudolph Dreikurs

Answer 15

student of Alfred Adler and developed his system of individual psychology into a pragmatic method for understanding purposes of reprehensible behavior in children and for stimulating cooperative behavior without punishment of reward

Question 16

Carl Jung’s Anima and Animus

Answer 16

Anima - the unconscious feminine side of a man
Animus- the unconscious masculine side of a woman
*part of theory of collective unconscious

Question 17

Carl Jung’s Logos and Eros Principles

Answer 17

Logos - a universal divine reason - masculine

Eros - impulses and desire that circle around love - feminine

Question 18

Carl Jung’s Archetypes

Answer 18

the material that makes up the collective unconscious that is passed from generation to generation.

Question 19

The Four Main Jungian Archetypes

Answer 19

The Persona - the masks we wear in certain contexts
The Shadow - what we repress, denied yet desired, the mask behind the persona
The Anima or Animus - reflection of the opposite gender ideal
The Self - whole representing individuation.

Question 20

Symptom Substitution

Answer 20

If you only address reducing a symptom, a new one will replace it, because is originates from the unconscious mind. A Psychoanalytic concept

Question 21

Eclecticism

Answer 21

closely associated with Frederick C. Thorne. Preferred psychological case handing to psychotherapy. Chooses best theoretical approach based on client’s needs.

Question 22

Who emphasized lifestyle, birth order, and family constellation?

Answer 22

Alfred Adler (Individual Psychology)

Question 23

Who emphasized lifestyle, birth order, and family constellation?

Answer 23

Alfred Adler (Individual Psychology)

Question 24

Existentialism

Answer 24

Philosophical Theory - emphasizes the existence of the individual person as a free and responsible agent determining their own development through acts of the will.

Question 25

Ivan Pavlov

Answer 25

classical conditioning. Trained a hungry dog to salivate at the sound of a metronome, which was associated with the sight of food

Question 26

Skinners operant conditioning is also referred to as…

Answer 26

Instrumental Learning

Question 27

Respondent is to reflexes as operant is to…

Answer 27

instrumental

Question 28

Forward, Simultaneous, and backward conditioning

Answer 28

Forward- CS .5 sec before (ideally) UCS - Conditioning will occur
Simultaneous - CS and UCS presented at the same time - conditioning will not occur
backward - UCS before CS - conditioning will not occur

Question 29

Experimental Neurosis

Answer 29

when the differentiation process becomes so difficult (stimuli almost identical) it causes emotional disturbances

Question 30

Experimental Neurosis

Answer 30

when the differentiation process becomes so difficult (stimuli almost identical) it causes emotional disturbances

Question 31

Neal Miller

Answer 31

developed a theory of motivation based on the satisfaction of psychosocial drives by combining elements of a number of earlier reinforcement theories of behavior and learning. Through reward, rats could be trained to control autonomic bodily processes

Question 32

SUDS

Answer 32

Subjective Units of Disturbance Scale

Question 33

Behavioral Rehearsal

Answer 33

the act of practicing a behavior is a counseling session that can be beneficial in the client’s life

Question 34

(Wolpe’s) Systematic Desensitization Steps

Answer 34

1) Relaxation Training
2) Construction of Anxiety Hierarchy (SUDS)
3) Desensitization in imagination
4) in vivo desensitization

Question 35

Covert vs. In Vivo Desensitization

Answer 35

Covert- in the imagination

in vivo- in real life

Question 36

Stress Inoculation Treatment

Answer 36

(Donald Meichenbaum) “self-instructional training” a Cognitive Behavior approach that has three phases:

1) educational phase - client is taught how to monitor the impact of inner dialogue on behavior.
2) Rehearsal Phase - rehearse new self talk
3) Application phase - new inner dialogue is attempted during actual stress-producing situations.

Question 37

NLP

Answer 37

Neurolinguistic Programming (Bandler and Grinder)