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A Level Geography > Human Geography - Regenerating Places > Flashcards

Human Geography - Regenerating Places Flashcards

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1
Q

What is ‘Levelling Up’?

A

Initiative created by the conservative government in 2019 to increase national wealth, living standards, benefit educational institutions, and reduce crime and unemployment

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2
Q

Give an overview of the employment sectors, their incomes, and the type of country you would see them

A

Primary - extraction and production of raw materials, low income in LIDCs

Secondary - manufacturing, medium income, mostly in EDCs

Tertiary - service industry jobs, high income, mostly in ACs

Quaternary - high level research jobs, highly skilled and high income, ACs

Quinary - Highest decision making levels, CEOs, business executives, ACs

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3
Q

Describe a ‘pre-industrial’ country

A

Most people employed in primary sector, least in tertiary sector, e.g. Zambia or Nepal

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4
Q

How does a country progress from pre-industrial to industrial?

A

Foreign direct investment (FDI) or aid from other countries to fund development in the secondary employment sector

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5
Q

Describe an ‘industrial’ country

A

Most people employed in secondary sector, increasing proportion in tertiary, e.g. China or India

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6
Q

How does a country progress from industrial to post-industrial?

A

Grow economically to fund better education, leading to outsourcing of primary and secondary industries and the growth of the tertiary industry

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7
Q

L6 4A.2c - What are the 4 ways to measure changes within a place?

A

Land use changes, employment trends, demographic changes, levels of deprivation

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8
Q

L6 4A.2c - Describe explain the differences in deprivation between Nailsea and Lawrence Hill

A

Lawrence Hill - 1 LSOA ranked 743rd on IMD, due to deindustrialisation leading to falling house prices and therefore ethnic diversity (15.2% white british)

Nailsea - 1 LSOA ranked 300th best in the UK, construction of Trendlewood led to many families moving into 3 and 4 bedroom houses, when the children moved out the parents stayed, leading to ageing population and low diversity (92.9% white british)

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9
Q

L7 4A.3a - What are the 4 scales for the influences of a place?

A

Regional - e.g. South West
National - Whole government policy
International - other countries
Global - global TNCs, global issues

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10
Q

L7 4A.3a - What past connections have shaped Nailsea?

A

Glassblowing, coal mining

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11
Q

L7 4A.3a - What present connections shape Nailsea today?

A

TNCs (Costa, Tesco, etc), M5 motorway, N&B Railway Station, Bristol airport

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12
Q

L7 4A.3a - Describe some of the regional influences on Nailsea

A

Glassblowing, coal mining, Trendlewood built in 70s and 80s (1971- pop. of 8,000 vs 14,000 in 1981), Bristol (Nailsea is a commuter town), ageing population (little night life), shortage of affordable housing, 10 mins from sea, Nailsea school ‘good’ OFSTED

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13
Q

L7 4A.3a - Describe some of the national influences on Nailsea

A

N&B Railway Station (Nailsea is a commuter town), govt. housing targets say 25,000 across North Somerset by 2036 (conflict due to homes on green belts, e.g. Greenfield), M5 Motorway for North/South access, traditionally tory but a Labour victory in NS in 2024 (Sadik Al-Hassan replaced Liam Fox after 32 years)

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14
Q

L7 4A.3a - Describe some of the international influences on Nailsea

A

Bristol airport - convenient for people who need to travel for work (NOT FOR FAMILY HOLIDAYS)

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15
Q

L7 4A.3a - Describe some of the global influences on Nailsea

A

Global TNCs (Costa, Tesco, etc)

Baker Hughes - oil field equipment company that employs thousands

High broadband speed - up to 300MB/s, 97% of homes have access to superfast broadband

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16
Q

HW8 4A.3a - What percentage of housing is not deprived in any dimension in Nailsea Yeo?

A

47.9%

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17
Q

HW8 4A.3a - What percentage of people in Nailsea Yeo are in employment? What percentage of employees are in full time employment?

A

53.5% in employment

67.1% of employees work full time

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18
Q

HW8 4A.3a - What percentage of households in Nailsea Yeo have at least 1 car? Compare it to England

A

81.2% in Nailsea Yeo vs 76.5% in England

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19
Q

L8 4A.3a - What past connections have shaped Lawrence Hill?

A

Great Western Cotton Factory (est. 1838) employed 2000 people - schools and terrace houses built to house workers, closed in 1930s due to deindustrialisation,

Other heavy industries began to develop - shut down in 1980s

1960s - large blocks of social housing flats built, old terrace housing cleared to make way - caused social problems

1990s - some flats cleared and replaced with terraces but the damage was already done

20
Q

L8 4A.3a Describe the regional connections for Lawrence Hill

A

2300 - 743 IMD range

59% GCSE pass rate - City Academy Bristol

Cabot circus nearby increases the chance of gentrification

Bristol’s craft brewery scene - nights out - lead to gentrification

21
Q

L8 4A.3a Describe the national connections for Lawrence Hill

A

Temple Meads 2 stops away - connection to London means potential gentrification

New deal for communities - Blair’s Labour govt. gave £50m 20yrs ago

22
Q

L8 4A.3a Describe the international connections for Lawrence Hill

A

43% of people are ‘White British’ - large Somali population - economic migrants, refugees

EU structural funds - to aid deprived areas

38% of people born outside the UK

57% BME

37% Muslim - alters characteristics - Easton Mosque

23
Q

L8 4A.3a Describe the global connections for Lawrence Hill

A

Lidl (TNC)

Cabot Circus

24
Q

L9 4A.3b+c How is Nailsea represented?

A

Online - nice place to live, little crime

Commuter settlement near Bristol with good transport connections

Rich history

Not diverse

Traditionally Conservative

25
Q

L9 4A.3b+c How does Nailsea’s representation contrast to its image presented formally and statistically?

A

93% born in the UK - not diverse, fairly wealthy

55% 5 GCSEs or more - not as successful as expected

‘Idyllic’ nature of Nailsea represented more by The Perrings (Nailsea Youngwood - 32,500) rather than Greenfield Crescent (18,000)

GENERALLY THE STATS MATCH THE REPRESENTATION

26
Q

L9 4A.3b+c How are the lives of students affected by changes in Nailsea?

A

McDonald’s planned to be built but was cancelled - this is healthier but more expensive for students

Livro Lounge opened - improved night life

Many pubs

27
Q

L9 4A.3b+c What are the general attitudes about change in Nailsea?

A

Many locals dislike the proposed new housing developments on green belts

Many opposed the new McDonald’s (some supported it due to economic growth)

28
Q

L9 4A.3b+c How is Lawrence Hill represented?

A

Some areas considered rough with a bit of crime

Not particularly wealthy and quite deprived

Car crime and burglaries are big issues - people feel unsafe at night

Drug use common

Strong community spirit

29
Q

L9 4A.3b+c How does Lawrence Hill’s representation contrast to its image presented formally and statistically?

A

3.1% of households have 4 bedrooms - council housing, many people per house, benefits

Over 25% of crimes are violent/sexual

Less than 5% of crimes are drug related

43% White British, 33% Black - creates divisions

REPRESENTATIONS OF LAWRENCE HILL DON’T MATCH STATISTICS

30
Q

L9 4A.3b+c How are the lives of students affected by changes in Lawrence Hill?

A

City Academy Bristol rated ‘good’ by OFSTED - located in a very deprived area - 50% of kids speak a second language

In 2000 - Labour govt. gave £50m to regenerate the area - however 25 years later it’s still deprived

31
Q

L9 4A.3b+c What are the general attitudes about change in Lawrence Hill?

A

Changing diversity in Lawrence Hill is seen as enrichment of culture due to new cuisines and social environments

Independent community spirit - look after one another - voted Labour in last election

32
Q

L10/11 4A.4b+c, 4A.8c, 4A.9a+b, 4A.11a Describe the traditional function of Plymouth

A

Exploration & colonialism - key port for ships e.g. Mayflower - discovered the new world

Fishing - thousands of fishermen (vanished today)

Devonport Naval Dockyard - 20,000 employees in 1960s, now 2500

Industrial port - for industries like brewing, shipbuilding, and glassmaking

33
Q

L10/11 4A.4b+c, 4A.8c, 4A.9a+b, 4A.11a What has Plymouth used to rebrand?

A

Plymouth has drawn on its maritime heritage to help with its rebrand

34
Q

L10/11 4A.4b+c, 4A.8c, 4A.9a+b, 4A.11a Describe Plymouth’s boom years in Plymouth Hoe

A

Hoe - pier open from 1884-1938, very popular tourist destination from then until the 1970s, tinside lido popular for swimming - closed in 1992, tourism declined after the 70s due to higher car ownership and package holidays/cheap flights abroad

35
Q

L10/11 4A.4b+c, 4A.8c, 4A.9a+b, 4A.11a Describe Plymouth’s boom years in Plymouth Barbican

A

Barbican - originally a thriving fishing port + industrial area employing thousands, now has a seasonal tourist economy - rest of the year is housing and offices

36
Q

L10/11 4A.4b+c, 4A.8c, 4A.9a+b, 4A.11a Describe Plymouth’s damage and regeneration due to WW2

A

Post-WW2 had to rebuild due to bombing, architect Patrick Abercrombie designed a new city centre called Plymouth Armada, 50 years later though the concrete buildings were dated and in need of regeneration, led to the building of Drake Circus in 2010

37
Q

L10/11 4A.4b+c, 4A.8c, 4A.9a+b, 4A.11a Describe Plymouth’s industrial decline

A

Devonport dockyard decreased from 25,000 employees in 1960s to 2500 today, many local pasty shops had to close down due to the decline in business - negative multiplier effect

38
Q

L10/11 4A.4b+c, 4A.8c, 4A.9a+b, 4A.11a Why is it especially difficult for Plymouth to attract investment?

A

Geographically isolated - M5 stops at Exeter, 5.5hrs away from London

39
Q

L10/11 4A.4b+c, 4A.8c, 4A.9a+b, 4A.11a Describe how Plymouth bounced back from its economic decline

A

Invested in £20m marine building - to attract university students to move an work there - help to restructure to a knowledge economy

Hoe - tinside lido reopened in 2003 - helped with rebranding as somewhere to live and work, new cafes, bistros, restaurants, etc.

Barbican - Old warehouses repurposed into luxury apartments, yachts and pleasure cruisers replaced fishing boats, now sold as ‘Waterfront living’ which fits the rebrand, National Marine Museum

40
Q

HW10 4A.4b+c, 4A.8c, 4A.9a+b, 4A.11a Why might rebranding be contested?

A

The changes might result in the importation of more well off residents, business infrastructures, and cultural/leisure facilities more suited to the new residents than the pre-existing poorer inhabitants.

41
Q

HW10 4A.4b+c, 4A.8c, 4A.9a+b, 4A.11a What are the 4 ways an area can be rebranded?

A

Environmentally, socially, economic, and politically

42
Q

L12 4A.8c, 4A.9a+b, 4A.11a Give 5 reasons why rebranding/regeneration was needed in Plymouth

A
  • Plymouth was ranked 56th out of 62 cities for weekly wages in 2014.
  • Ranked as the 82nd most deprived community in the UK in 2015.
  • 13.4% of people had less than 5 GCSEs in 2015.
  • 11,500 children living in poverty in 2014
  • Plymouth’s poorest residents had a life expectancy of 72.2 yrs compared with 86.9 yrs in the richest areas in 2011
43
Q

L12 4a.8c, 4A.9a+b, 4A.11a Who was involved in the rebranding of Plymouth and when did it begin? What was the slogan they came up with?

A

Started in 2010 by the Plymouth City Development Company (PCDC). They then interviewed 2 local and 2 London-based branding agencies. They came up with the Slogan ‘Britain’s Ocean City’

44
Q

L12 4A.8c, 4A.9a+b, 4A.11a What is the ‘big idea’ for why Plymouth needs successful rebranding?

A

Plymouth must attract investment, new jobs, and new talent. To do this they have to make it some to live and work because Plymouth is geographically isolated due to its location and poor transport links.

45
Q

L12 4A.8c, 4A.9a+b, 4A.11a What were the goals for the rebranding of Plymouth?

A

42,500 new jobs by 2026, attract inward investors, attract govt. departments & hi-tech companies to relocate to Plymouth, campaigns to attract tourists/new residents to provide a talent pool for employers

46
Q

L12 4A.8c, 4A.9a+b, 4A.11a Do all 3 strands of regeneration fit the ‘brand’ being sold? (Town centre, waterfront, social housing)

A

Town Centre - Yes
Waterfront - Yes
Social Housing - No

New social housing is not part of the rebrand but is vital to the success otherwise not all players are catered for

A Level Geography (3 decks)

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