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A Level Geography > Human Geography - Regenerating Places > Flashcards

Human Geography - Regenerating Places Flashcards

1
Q

What is ‘Levelling Up’?

A

Initiative created by the conservative government in 2019 to increase national wealth, living standards, benefit educational institutions, and reduce crime and unemployment

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2
Q

Give an overview of the employment sectors, their incomes, and the type of country you would see them

A

Primary - extraction and production of raw materials, low income in LIDCs

Secondary - manufacturing, medium income, mostly in EDCs

Tertiary - service industry jobs, high income, mostly in ACs

Quaternary - high level research jobs, highly skilled and high income, ACs

Quinary - Highest decision making levels, CEOs, business executives, ACs

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3
Q

Describe a ‘pre-industrial’ country

A

Most people employed in primary sector, least in tertiary sector, e.g. Zambia or Nepal

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4
Q

How does a country progress from pre-industrial to industrial?

A

Foreign direct investment (FDI) or aid from other countries to fund development in the secondary employment sector

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5
Q

Describe an ‘industrial’ country

A

Most people employed in secondary sector, increasing proportion in tertiary, e.g. China or India

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6
Q

How does a country progress from industrial to post-industrial?

A

Grow economically to fund better education, leading to outsourcing of primary and secondary industries and the growth of the tertiary industry

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7
Q

L6 4A.2c - What are the 4 ways to measure changes within a place?

A

Land use changes, employment trends, demographic changes, levels of deprivation

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8
Q

L6 4A.2c - Describe explain the differences in deprivation between Nailsea and Lawrence Hill

A

Lawrence Hill - 1 LSOA ranked 743rd on IMD, due to deindustrialisation leading to falling house prices and therefore ethnic diversity (15.2% white british)

Nailsea - 1 LSOA ranked 300th best in the UK, construction of Trendlewood led to many families moving into 3 and 4 bedroom houses, when the children moved out the parents stayed, leading to ageing population and low diversity (92.9% white british)

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9
Q

L7 4A.3a - What are the 4 scales for the influences of a place?

A

Regional - e.g. South West
National - Whole government policy
International - other countries
Global - global TNCs, global issues

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10
Q

L7 4A.3a - What past connections have shaped Nailsea?

A

Glassblowing, coal mining

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11
Q

L7 4A.3a - What present connections shape Nailsea today?

A

TNCs (Costa, Tesco, etc), M5 motorway, N&B Railway Station, Bristol airport

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12
Q

L7 4A.3a - Describe some of the regional influences on Nailsea

A

Glassblowing, coal mining, Trendlewood built in 70s and 80s (1971- pop. of 8,000 vs 14,000 in 1981), Bristol (Nailsea is a commuter town), ageing population (little night life), shortage of affordable housing, 10 mins from sea, Nailsea school ‘good’ OFSTED

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13
Q

L7 4A.3a - Describe some of the national influences on Nailsea

A

N&B Railway Station (Nailsea is a commuter town), govt. housing targets say 25,000 across North Somerset by 2036 (conflict due to homes on green belts, e.g. Greenfield), M5 Motorway for North/South access, traditionally tory but a Labour victory in NS in 2024 (Sadik Al-Hassan replaced Liam Fox after 32 years)

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14
Q

L7 4A.3a - Describe some of the international influences on Nailsea

A

Bristol airport - convenient for people who need to travel for work (NOT FOR FAMILY HOLIDAYS)

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15
Q

L7 4A.3a - Describe some of the global influences on Nailsea

A

Global TNCs (Costa, Tesco, etc)

Baker Hughes - oil field equipment company that employs thousands

High broadband speed - up to 300MB/s, 97% of homes have access to superfast broadband

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16
Q

HW8 4A.3a - What percentage of housing is not deprived in any dimension in Nailsea Yeo?

A

47.9%

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17
Q

HW8 4A.3a - What percentage of people in Nailsea Yeo are in employment? What percentage of employees are in full time employment?

A

53.5% in employment

67.1% of employees work full time

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18
Q

HW8 4A.3a - What percentage of households in Nailsea Yeo have at least 1 car? Compare it to England

A

81.2% in Nailsea Yeo vs 76.5% in England

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19
Q

L8 4A.3a - What past connections have shaped Lawrence Hill?

A

Great Western Cotton Factory (est. 1838) employed 2000 people - schools and terrace houses built to house workers, closed in 1930s due to deindustrialisation,

Other heavy industries began to develop - shut down in 1980s

1960s - large blocks of social housing flats built, old terrace housing cleared to make way - caused social problems

1990s - some flats cleared and replaced with terraces but the damage was already done

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20
Q

L8 4A.3a Describe the regional connections for Lawrence Hill

A

2300 - 743 IMD range

59% GCSE pass rate - City Academy Bristol

Cabot circus nearby increases the chance of gentrification

Bristol’s craft brewery scene - nights out - lead to gentrification

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21
Q

L8 4A.3a Describe the national connections for Lawrence Hill

A

Temple Meads 2 stops away - connection to London means potential gentrification

New deal for communities - Blair’s Labour govt. gave £50m 20yrs ago

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22
Q

L8 4A.3a Describe the international connections for Lawrence Hill

A

43% of people are ‘White British’ - large Somali population - economic migrants, refugees

EU structural funds - to aid deprived areas

38% of people born outside the UK

57% BME

37% Muslim - alters characteristics - Easton Mosque

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23
Q

L8 4A.3a Describe the global connections for Lawrence Hill

A

Lidl (TNC)

Cabot Circus

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24
Q

L9 4A.3b+c How is Nailsea represented?

A

Online - nice place to live, little crime

Commuter settlement near Bristol with good transport connections

Rich history

Not diverse

Traditionally Conservative

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25
Q

L9 4A.3b+c How does Nailsea’s representation contrast to its image presented formally and statistically?

A

93% born in the UK - not diverse, fairly wealthy

55% 5 GCSEs or more - not as successful as expected

‘Idyllic’ nature of Nailsea represented more by The Perrings (Nailsea Youngwood - 32,500) rather than Greenfield Crescent (18,000)

GENERALLY THE STATS MATCH THE REPRESENTATION

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26
Q

L9 4A.3b+c How are the lives of students affected by changes in Nailsea?

A

McDonald’s planned to be built but was cancelled - this is healthier but more expensive for students

Livro Lounge opened - improved night life

Many pubs

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27
Q

L9 4A.3b+c What are the general attitudes about change in Nailsea?

A

Many locals dislike the proposed new housing developments on green belts

Many opposed the new McDonald’s (some supported it due to economic growth)

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28
Q

L9 4A.3b+c How is Lawrence Hill represented?

A

Some areas considered rough with a bit of crime

Not particularly wealthy and quite deprived

Car crime and burglaries are big issues - people feel unsafe at night

Drug use common

Strong community spirit

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29
Q

L9 4A.3b+c How does Lawrence Hill’s representation contrast to its image presented formally and statistically?

A

3.1% of households have 4 bedrooms - council housing, many people per house, benefits

Over 25% of crimes are violent/sexual

Less than 5% of crimes are drug related

43% White British, 33% Black - creates divisions

REPRESENTATIONS OF LAWRENCE HILL DON’T MATCH STATISTICS

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30
Q

L9 4A.3b+c How are the lives of students affected by changes in Lawrence Hill?

A

City Academy Bristol rated ‘good’ by OFSTED - located in a very deprived area - 50% of kids speak a second language

In 2000 - Labour govt. gave £50m to regenerate the area - however 25 years later it’s still deprived

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31
Q

L9 4A.3b+c What are the general attitudes about change in Lawrence Hill?

A

Changing diversity in Lawrence Hill is seen as enrichment of culture due to new cuisines and social environments

Independent community spirit - look after one another - voted Labour in last election

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32
Q

L10/11 4A.4b+c, 4A.8c, 4A.9a+b, 4A.11a Describe the traditional function of Plymouth

A

Exploration & colonialism - key port for ships e.g. Mayflower - discovered the new world

Fishing - thousands of fishermen (vanished today)

Devonport Naval Dockyard - 20,000 employees in 1960s, now 2500

Industrial port - for industries like brewing, shipbuilding, and glassmaking

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33
Q

L10/11 4A.4b+c, 4A.8c, 4A.9a+b, 4A.11a What has Plymouth used to rebrand?

A

Plymouth has drawn on its maritime heritage to help with its rebrand

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34
Q

L10/11 4A.4b+c, 4A.8c, 4A.9a+b, 4A.11a Describe Plymouth’s boom years in Plymouth Hoe

A

Hoe - pier open from 1884-1938, very popular tourist destination from then until the 1970s, tinside lido popular for swimming - closed in 1992, tourism declined after the 70s due to higher car ownership and package holidays/cheap flights abroad

35
Q

L10/11 4A.4b+c, 4A.8c, 4A.9a+b, 4A.11a Describe Plymouth’s boom years in Plymouth Barbican

A

Barbican - originally a thriving fishing port + industrial area employing thousands, now has a seasonal tourist economy - rest of the year is housing and offices

36
Q

L10/11 4A.4b+c, 4A.8c, 4A.9a+b, 4A.11a Describe Plymouth’s damage and regeneration due to WW2

A

Post-WW2 had to rebuild due to bombing, architect Patrick Abercrombie designed a new city centre called Plymouth Armada, 50 years later though the concrete buildings were dated and in need of regeneration, led to the building of Drake Circus in 2010

37
Q

L10/11 4A.4b+c, 4A.8c, 4A.9a+b, 4A.11a Describe Plymouth’s industrial decline

A

Devonport dockyard decreased from 25,000 employees in 1960s to 2500 today, many local pasty shops had to close down due to the decline in business - negative multiplier effect

38
Q

L10/11 4A.4b+c, 4A.8c, 4A.9a+b, 4A.11a Why is it especially difficult for Plymouth to attract investment?

A

Geographically isolated - M5 stops at Exeter, 5.5hrs away from London

39
Q

L10/11 4A.4b+c, 4A.8c, 4A.9a+b, 4A.11a Describe how Plymouth bounced back from its economic decline

A

Invested in £20m marine building - to attract university students to move an work there - help to restructure to a knowledge economy

Hoe - tinside lido reopened in 2003 - helped with rebranding as somewhere to live and work, new cafes, bistros, restaurants, etc.

Barbican - Old warehouses repurposed into luxury apartments, yachts and pleasure cruisers replaced fishing boats, now sold as ‘Waterfront living’ which fits the rebrand, National Marine Museum

40
Q

HW10 4A.4b+c, 4A.8c, 4A.9a+b, 4A.11a Why might rebranding be contested?

A

The changes might result in the importation of more well off residents, business infrastructures, and cultural/leisure facilities more suited to the new residents than the pre-existing poorer inhabitants.

41
Q

HW10 4A.4b+c, 4A.8c, 4A.9a+b, 4A.11a What are the 4 ways an area can be rebranded?

A

Environmentally, socially, economic, and politically

42
Q

L12 4A.8c, 4A.9a+b, 4A.11a Give 5 reasons why rebranding/regeneration was needed in Plymouth

A
  • Plymouth was ranked 56th out of 62 cities for weekly wages in 2014.
  • Ranked as the 82nd most deprived community in the UK in 2015.
  • 13.4% of people had less than 5 GCSEs in 2015.
  • 11,500 children living in poverty in 2014
  • Plymouth’s poorest residents had a life expectancy of 72.2 yrs compared with 86.9 yrs in the richest areas in 2011
43
Q

L12 4a.8c, 4A.9a+b, 4A.11a Who was involved in the rebranding of Plymouth and when did it begin? What was the slogan they came up with?

A

Started in 2010 by the Plymouth City Development Company (PCDC). They then interviewed 2 local and 2 London-based branding agencies. They came up with the Slogan ‘Britain’s Ocean City’

44
Q

L12 4A.8c, 4A.9a+b, 4A.11a What is the ‘big idea’ for why Plymouth needs successful rebranding?

A

Plymouth must attract investment, new jobs, and new talent. To do this they have to make it some to live and work because Plymouth is geographically isolated due to its location and poor transport links.

45
Q

L12 4A.8c, 4A.9a+b, 4A.11a What were the goals for the rebranding of Plymouth?

A

42,500 new jobs by 2026, attract inward investors, attract govt. departments & hi-tech companies to relocate to Plymouth, campaigns to attract tourists/new residents to provide a talent pool for employers

46
Q

L12 4A.8c, 4A.9a+b, 4A.11a Do all 3 strands of regeneration fit the ‘brand’ being sold? (Town centre, waterfront, social housing)

A

Town Centre - Yes
Waterfront - Yes
Social Housing - No

New social housing is not part of the rebrand but is vital to the success otherwise not all players are catered for

47
Q

HW11 What is Drake Circus?

A

Drake Circus is a shopping centre in the West End of Plymouth that opened in 2006, it was built next to the old and only shopping area

48
Q

HW11 What has been the negative knock-on impacts of Drake Circus in Plymouth’s West End?

A

The opening of chain stores has decreased footfall in the West End forcing many independent shops to close, DC receives 3x more footfall than West End (60,000 on Saturdays vs 18,000), Plymouth shopping area has been split in two

49
Q

HW11 What are some of the positive effects of Drake Circus in Plymouth?

A

In its first 10 years it generated £1.3bn for Plymouth’s economy, employs 1700 people (2016), major brands have opened shops there (e.g. Apple, Krispy Kreme), neighbouring £40m cinema and leisure complex expansion, brings people in who then visit the High Street

50
Q

L14 Give an example of a positive representation of the regeneration in Plymouth

A

Advert from Plymouth Community Homes - Paul Carthy used to live in a damp and deprived council home, got a job with Plymouth Community Homes and his life changed, earned enough to support his family

51
Q

L14 Summarise the Oceansgate Marine Enterprise Zone

A
  • Strategy to RTETTKS
  • Uses maritime heritage to encourage engineering and hi-tech businesses to move in
  • Access to deep water of Plymouth Sound is ideal
  • Companies include M Subs, Babcock, and Princess Yachts
  • Includes a £20m wave machine
  • Tax breaks - £275k per business for first 5 years
  • Fast tracked planning - infrastructure built quicker
52
Q

L15 How do places become successful?

A

Places can become successful because of cumulative causation which is triggered by a new industry (often FDI from a TNC)

53
Q

L15 Why do successful places have desirable characteristics before their economies boom?

A

In the 21st C., successful places tend to be based on quaternary and quinary industries - these companies are known as ‘footloose’ because they are not tied down by raw materials so can relocate anywhere they like

54
Q

L15 Why may the perceptions and lived experiences of successful places differ from one person to another?

A

Younger people with more highly skilled jobs may view a place with more positive views than those on lower incomes. Retirees may view coastal and peaceful locations as more successful because of their preferences

55
Q

L15 Give an overview of Silicon Valley & Palo Alto

A
  • Southern part of the SF Bay Area
  • San Jose Met. area has 3rd highest GDP per capita in the world
  • Stanford University
  • Palo Alto has highest cost of living in US & residents are among the most educated
  • Companies with HQs in Palo Alto include Apple, Google, and Facebook
56
Q

L15 Why has the growth of Silicon Valley had a positive impact on San Francisco?

A

Many people working in SV’s hi-tech industries live in SF - luxury buses (Wi-Fi, AC) transport 35,000 workers daily

57
Q

L15 What are some social issues created by the success of San Francisco?

A
  • 2009-14 - SF house prices increase 52% vs US average of 18%, most expensive housing in US
  • 2014: $900k average house price in SF vs $170k US average
  • Top 10 least affordable cities in the world - worst income inequality in US
  • Median household income & median monthly rent is highest in US (rent increasing at 3x the rate of US average)
  • Major congestion as people live further from their jobs
58
Q

HW13 Give some evidence of San Francisco’s success?

A
  • 2009-14 - SF house prices increase 52% vs US average of 18%
  • Tech jobs 8% of economy in 2013 vs 1% in 1990
  • 20% of workforce in STEM
59
Q

HW13 Why has the San Francisco Bay Area become successful?

A
  • 1990s - lots of entrepreneurs & computer developers moved there
  • mid-2000s - social media boom - tech offices, biotech, new media sectors
  • 2011 - Mayor Lee gave tax breaks to Twitter to move an office to downtown SF
  • Many liv in SF but work in SV
60
Q

HW13 How did gentrification kill Alex Nieto?

A

Nieto was sitting in a park in SF in 2014, police called on him as he was carrying a taser (used for his job as a bouncer), police fired 40 bullets into Nieto, killing him instantly, jury ruled in favour of police as they claimed they had not used unnecessary force, caused large protests against racism and gentrification due to the large influx of rich, white folk

61
Q

HW15 & L16 What are the causes of urban decline?

A
  • Loss of industry
  • Outmigration of skilled people (white flight)
  • Population decline & brain drain due to negative multiplier effect
62
Q

HW15 & L16 What are the characteristics of urban decline?

A
  • Deterioration of inner city due to lack of investment & maintenance
  • Urban deprivation - low standard of living
  • Poor quality housing, empty factories, pollution
63
Q

HW15 & L16 What are the implications of decline? (inequality)

A

Inequality:
- Reduces trust in those in positions of power
- A cycle of decay over generations - poverty, lack of education, etc
- Segregation of groups, health issues, infant mortality

64
Q

HW15 & L16 Summarise the Rust Belt

A
  • Once powerful manufacturing region, famous for steel & car production
  • Fell into economic decline post 1950s due to automation, increasing trade, outsourcing (especially to Southern USA regarding steel industry)
65
Q

HW15 & L16 What was Detroit’s urban decline been caused by?

A
  • After WW2, more affluent families moved to the suburbs - ‘white flight’ - Detroit’s pop. plummeted & factories closed
  • Highly segregated community - 300,000 blacks in Black Bottom in 1950
66
Q

HW15 & L16 What were the effects of Detroit’s urban decline?

A
  • Pop. declined from 2m in 1950s to 700k in 2015 (-61%)
  • 70k abandoned buildings, 31k empty houses, 90k vacant lots
  • Creation of urban prairies - 1/3rd of Detroit’s area - nature has reclaimed these areas of vast abandonment of houses and lots
67
Q

HW15 & L16 What was ‘white flight’ in Detroit?

A
  • 1910-70: Many black people migrated to Detroit (120k in 1930s)
  • Led to racial hostility - increased when integration happened in 1950
  • Violent racial riots - white people moved to the suburbs
  • 2010 - whites made up 11% of pop. in Detroit
68
Q

L17 How do enterprise zones work? Who introduced them? Who funds them? Who implements them?

A

Enterprise zones are areas that local govts. are keen to encourage investment in to make business want to move there, often in partnership with unis, they have good transport, broadband, and services, introduced by Cameron & Osborne, national govt. funds them, local govt. receives money and implements them

69
Q

L17 What are features of enterprise zones that encourage businesses to move there?

A
  • 5 year business tax relief
  • Smart planning rules for fast-track development
  • Transport & superfast broadband
  • High levels of public & private infrastructure
70
Q

L17 How do enterprise zones link to regeneration?

A

Driving force of local economies - unlock key sites, improve infrastructure, attract businesses, and create jobs

71
Q

L17 Summarise the Bristol enterprise zone

A
  • Focused on less successful areas of Bristol with creative/aerospace industries
  • Good transport links - electrified railway
  • Superfast broadband
  • Aim for 17,000 jobs over next generation
  • Rebalance the economy away from SE/London
72
Q

L17 What are the benefits of enterprise zones to businesses and local economies?

A

Businesses: 100% business rate discount worth up to £275k over first 5 years, govt. support to roll out superfast broadband, 100% enhanced capital allowance (tax relief)

Local economies: Attracts FDI, businesses cluster around centres of excellence in sectors like finance, bio-science, and digital/creative industries

73
Q

L17 What are science parks?

A

Areas to promote innovation and advances in technology, usually located within EZs, encourage knowledge-based businesses, link unis with businesses

Help to RTETTKS

74
Q

L17 Summarise Cambridge Science Park

A
  • Located next to Cambridge University, investors locate there because of technical expertise at the uni and tax breaks
  • Companies include: AstraZeneca, Microsoft, Toshiba
  • Cambridge North Train Station built there in May 2017, £50m, 3000 passengers a day, direct link to London
75
Q

L17 Summarise Plymouth Science Park

A
  • 70 businesses & employs 800 people
  • Links w/ 2 unis
  • Attracted companies related to marine engineering, medicine, & renewable energies
  • £7m IT Hub
  • Fields such as IT, creative industries, medical & healthcare, and advanced engineering
76
Q

L18 Give an example of the North/South divide to do with public spending on infrastructure

A

Spending on public infrastructure per person in London is at £2595 vs. just £5 in the NE

77
Q

L18 What was the ‘Northern Powerhouse’

A
  • Concept developed by George Osborne in 2014 with the aim to create a unified economic force in the North to rival London and the SE
  • However, local ‘identities’ hindered the plans, e.g. choice of Greater Manchester as the main hub over Liverpool, tried to fix w/ HS2 but raised questions over which cities it would run through
78
Q

L18 What are decisions about infrastructure investments from the government subject to?

A

Cost-benefit analysis

79
Q

HW17 How can local interest groups come into conflict with one another over local regeneration plans?

A
  • Conflict often arises between local businesses and preservation groups
  • Businesses want projects to go ahead for economic benefit
  • Preservationists want to keep things how they are, sometimes to protect a green space or a historical site
80
Q

HW17 Summarise the British Chambers of Commerce (BCC)

A
  • Group of 52 Chambers of Commerce which aid businesses with any legal matters
  • Represents thousands of businesses
  • Helps businesses with over 5,000,000 employees
81
Q

HW17 Give an example of conflict between local interest groups over local regeneration plans

A
  • Bath Preservation Trust rejected the plans for a new park and ride in the East of Bath to ease congestion in 2015
  • They said the benefits didn’t outweigh the ‘significant harm to the Green Belt’
82
Q

HW19 What is HS2?

A
  • Rail network from London to Birmingham, Manchester, and Leeds
  • Key to the ‘Northern Powerhouse’ regeneration scheme
  • Built in 2 phases: P1 a high speed link (400km/hr) between London & Birmingham, P2 goes NW to Manchester & NE to Leeds
  • Benefits: London->Birmingham time cut from 80 to 49mins, roughly 60,000 jobs
  • Problems: Passes through Chilterns AONB, communities have homes/green spaces disrupted

In Oct. 2023, govt. announced the cancellation of P2, overall cost is roughly £66bn

83
Q

HW19 What is the plan for the Heathrow Expansion?

A
  • 2015, plan accepted to add a 3rd runway, estimated at a cost of £18.6bn
  • Privately funded but some publicly funded
  • Could generate £100bn, protect 114,000 jobs and create 70,000 jobs
  • Players for: business leaders, BCC, Richard Branson
  • Players against: Sadiq Khan, MPs, environmental groups e.g. Greenpeace

The plan for a 3rd runway is still in place with an estimated completion date of 2040

A Level Geography (3 decks)

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