Human Geography - Globalisation - Application Flashcards
Why is Bangalore, India an emerging economy?
home to 10mil people
global shift in IT services and business product output employs 1mil people
1200 IT companies in Bangalore –> number increasing due to multiplier effect
has some of India’s best schools and universities –> TNCs have access to graduates
English is the main professional language
Socio-economic impacts in Bangalore
emerging middle class –> increasing number of “gated villages” for millionaires
house prices are increasing putting pressure on local people
Shops and shopping malls are opening –> allows people to buy consumer goods –> Western influences are growing and could lead to cultural erosion
Environmental impacts in Bangalore
once known for its lakes but have not been maintained and 100 lakes have fallen to just 17
water supplies, electricity, and sewage services struggle to keep up with demand –> problem for IT industry
demand for resources is 50% higher than supply
roads are heavily congested
Management for transport in Bangalore
public-private investment into transport and a brand-new airport (Kempegowda International Airport)
toll roads are being built towards an ‘electronic city’ (where many major IT companies are located)
a metro is being put in place (government-funded) (Bengaluru Metro Rail)
Environmental problems due to globalisation in China
Pollution and Health Problems:
- Beijing has frequent pollution alerts
- 70% of lakes are polluted, exaggerating water shortages
- industrial towns where rates of cancer are so high they are becoming known as “cancer villages”
- 1/4 of water is so dangerously polluted it can not even be used for industrial purposes
Land Degradation:
- 40% of land is degraded
Environmental problems due to globalisation in China
Pollution and Health Problems:
- Beijing has frequent pollution alerts
- 70% of lakes are polluted, exaggerating water shortages
- industrial towns where rates of cancer are so high they are becoming known as “cancer villages”
- 1/4 of water is so dangerously polluted it can not even be used for industrial purposes
Land Degradation:
- 40% of the land is degraded from overuse, erosion, and pollution
Over-exploitation of Resources:
- China is abundant in oil an coal but cannot keep up with demand
- China seeks additional resources worldwide
Loss of Biodiversity:
- terrestrial vertebrates have declined by 50%
Environmental problems due to globalisation in China
Pollution and Health Problems:
- Beijing has frequent pollution alerts
- 70% of lakes are polluted, exaggerating water shortages
- industrial towns where rates of cancer are so high they are becoming known as “cancer villages”
- 1/4 of water is so dangerously polluted it can not even be used for industrial purposes
Land Degradation:
- 40% of the land is degraded from overuse, erosion, and pollution
Over-exploitation of Resources:
- China is abundant in oil and coal but cannot keep up with demand
- China seeks additional resources worldwide
Loss of Biodiversity:
- terrestrial vertebrates have declined by 50%
Impacts of deindustrialization in Leicester
in the 1920s, 30,000 people were employed in textile mills
Mills attracted Indian and Pakistani families for extra workers
in the 1970s, the UK saw massive deindustrialization due to overseas competition
Most of the land is contaminated from dyes, gas, or coal
A lot of pre-industrial land has been abandoned
Areas of deprivation often coincide with previous industrial areas containing large ethnic populations
these areas have a reputation for crime and are hard to turn around
Is Fairtrade always good? - Starbucks
2009 - introduced Fairtrade coffee - Fairtrade helps farmers to have a better quality of life by giving them a fair price for the beans
2014 - only 8.5% of the coffee beans were Fairtrade certified
2015 - Starbucks scored low by a review company called ‘Ethical Consumer”
2017 - 99% of Starbucks coffee is ethically sourced
Where recycling helps the environment - Sweden
Sweden recycles 99% of its waste and burns it
32 power plants produce heat for 810,000 homes
HOWEVER, burning rubbish produces harmful gases
Citizens encouraged to sort waste at home
Recycling stations are no longer than 300 meters from any residential area
Pharmacists accept left-over medicine
Where recycling hurts the environment
Sometimes contamination in recycling
Taiwan - recycled steel buildings sometimes give off gamma radiation due to contamination from another metal - causing serious health issue
Pollution of the air - associated with burning rubbish and the trucks that come to collect it (petrol/diesel)
Chemicals used in paper recycling sometimes get into drinking water –> health problems and damaging ecology
London - Elite migrants
London = Hub city with large knowledge economy
2014 - 82% of house buyers in central London were foreign - many were from Qatar and Russia
High demand for housing causing property price inflation making central London too expensive for most Londoners
However, elite migration is bringing investments to London e.g. investments in the Shard, Canary Wharf, and Harrods
Low-wage migration - Qatar and the UAE
both countries have labor shortages due to small populations
90% of the UAE workforce is migrant - mostly Indian and Pakistani
Many of these workers risk deportation after the end of their contract
Both countries underwent rapid building of infrastructure
international tourism helps drive this
speculation on safety as there is high level of work place accidents among migrants
New Dehli - Internal Migration
population grew 40% between 2010 and 2014 due to natural increase and rural-urban migration
FDI is allowing new jobs to be created attracting rural-urban migrants - companies include Coca-Cola and Microsoft
However, rural migrants often end up in slums and/or on the city edge
Large-scale migration puts lots of pressure on city infrastructure
New Dehli - Internal Migration
population grew 40% between 2010 and 2014 due to natural increase and rural-urban migration
FDI is allowing new jobs to be created attracting rural-urban migrants - companies include Coca-Cola and Microsoft
However, rural migrants often end up in slums and/or on the city edge
Benefits of Global Shift
since 1990 - 1bn ppl have been lifted out of extreme poverty primarily due to global shift (mainly in Asia, India, and China)
TNCs invest in training and skills development - improves workforce productivity - some skills are transferrable
households use higher income to pay for more children’s schooling –> increase income and corporation tax allows government to fund state education
income rise due to factory workers and/or commodity producers supplying Asian factories
Negatives of Global Shift
loss of productive land - construction of factories, infrastructure, and housing for workers occupies land previously used to generate agricultural output
air and water pollution from industrial activity can render more agricultural land unusable
rapid industrialization can outpace environmental regulation creation and enforcement
manufacturing activity creates demand for commodities –> commodity extraction creates environmental pressure elsewhere –> Togo lost 60% of forested area since 1990
Transition Towns - Totnes
there are 200 transition town movements in the UK
community-led/run local charity as a response to diminishing oil and gas supplies, climate change, and economic activity
aim to reduce environmental impact and build resilience for a future with less cheap energy
located in Devon, England
Totnes Pound - local currency introduced in 2007
Purpose of evaluating spending and production on a local scale
Strengthens local economy and encourages people to buy locally
Encourages tourists to visit local businesses
Positive - bioregionalism and reduced food miles
Prevents cultural erosion and diffusion via branded products
Negative - shuts off community from flows of goods, services, and capital, decreased variety of goods, transaction costs, tensions with other communities
Cultural Diffusion in China
Westernization
Diet has changed due to this
Meat and Dairy are much more consumed
50% of the world’s pork is consumed in China
demand for pork in 1985 - 0 metric tonnes
demand for pork in 2010 - 800 million metric tonnes
20% of urban settles in China are now overweight
Global Shift in India
India is expected to be second-largest economy by 2040
Many Indian citizens are fluence English speakers = comparative advantage in marketing call centre services
Dell, Intell, Yahoo = all TNCs that have call services in India
As middle-class have higher disposable incomes, multiplier effect occurs producing higher increase in national income and consumption
work can be repetitive, long shifts, and odd hours due to time differences
Switched On - China
Open Door Policy 1978 - economic policy introduced by Deng Xiaoping allowing FDI into China
Shenzen - SEZ linking Hong Kong to China’s mainland, attracts FDI due to large population and proximity to the coast line, fast growing economy due to three main industries: shipping and logistics, technology, and financial services
by 1990, 50% of China’s GDP was generated by SEZs
300 million people migrated from rural to urban areas in China
Joined the WTO in 2001
Switched Off - North Korea
Dictator - Kim Jong-Un
gov. deliberately chosen to remain politically isolated from the rest of the world
no access to the internet or social media
Megacity - India
42% of people living in slums in Mumbai
overcrowding, poor housing, lack of sanitation and clean drinking water, unemployment
air pollution, poor sanitation, water pollution
air pollution –> GGH –> risk to health
unemployment (7.6%) –> less tax revenue –> lack of investment into infrastructure and services
population size grown due to investment from TNCs, increased job opportunities, better healthcare
