Human Geography

Question 1

What does locale mean?

Answer 1

A place where something happens or is set e.g. a park, church, or an office

Question 2

What does sense of place mean?

Answer 2

The subjective (personal) and emotional attachment to a place

Question 3

What does location mean?

Answer 3

Where a place is on a map, its longitude and latitude coordinates etc

Question 4

How does our attachment to a place change with age?

Answer 4

-Humanist geographer, Yi-Fu Tuan, believes that our understanding of the environment and our attachment to it expands with age
-The depth of attachment to a place is influenced by our increase in knowledge and understanding of the place
-Our attachment to a. Place is also linked with the intensity of experience in that place. The more enjoyable or meaningful an experience in a place, the more attached we become to it

Question 5

A ‘space’ becomes a ‘place’ when….

Answer 5

You have experiences or memories in that space, e.g. learning or talking with friends

Question 6

How do you include topophilia in a sentence?

Answer 6

Creates feelings of topophila
Has a sense of topophlia

Question 7

What does topophilia mean?

Answer 7

A place where you have a positive connection with and might feel relaxed and happy

Question 8

How does your sense of place contribute to your identity?

Answer 8

Can affect your opinion of places important to you
Social- World Cup defeat or big sporting of events
Economic- Closure of a company (the company you work at)
Environmental- Earthquake changing appearance of a place (destruction from natural disasters make you feel unsafe)

Question 9

What does topophobia mean?

Answer 9

A place where you have a negative connection with and might feel uncomfortable or dread it due to its association

Question 10

What does social exclusion mean?

Answer 10

Making members of society feel unwelcome

Question 11

Perspectives of an insider

Answer 11

Place of birth- Person born in the country or parents were
Status/citizenship- Permanent resident ,has a passport from this country and can get a job easily, vote and claim benefits
Language capability- Fluent in local language
Social interactions- Understands unspoken rules of the society and country
State of mind- Safe, secure, happy, feels at home

Question 11

What does spatial exclusion mean?

Answer 11

Physically being separate and unable to access parts of society

Question 12

Perspectives of an outsider

Answer 12

Place of birth- Person born not in the country
Status/citizenship- Temporary visitor. Has a foreign passport. May not be able to work or claim benefits and may be travelling for business or pleasure
Language capability- Not fluent, doesn’t understand slang or idioms
Social interactions- Frequently makes faux paus or misunderstands social interactions
State of mind- Feels out of place, uneasy, homesick, aleinated

Question 13

What is an experienced place?

Answer 13

• Somewhere someone has spent time in. This could even be for a short period, but the person has the experience of being there
• Longer we spend in places, the stronger our sense of place

Question 14

What is NIMBYism?

Answer 14

• Stands for not in my back yard
• A characterisation of opposition by residents to proposed developments in their local area (they like the idea but don’t want it near them)

Question 15

What is a media place?

Answer 15

• A place a person had only read about or seen in a film/video game/tv series that doesn’t actually exist e.g. Hogwarts
• Can also be a real place but that people have not yet visited and that they just gave strong stereotypes of e.g. Russia, Japan

Question 16

What is a near place?

Answer 16

Somewhere you know well and feel secure in
May be somewhere you are physically close to or maybe where you are psychologically close to, you feel part of ‘us’ not part of ‘them’
You can also feel like an ‘outsider’ in a near place

Question 17

What is a far place?

Answer 17

Somewhere you do not feel you belong
May also be somewhere physically far away
Can feel ‘far’ from somewhere you live as well as a place you don’t like
You can feel like an ‘insider’ even if it’s a far place

Question 18

What is a clone town?

Answer 18

A global term for a town where the High Street or other major shopping areas are significantly dominated by chain stores

Question 19

What is a home town?

Answer 19

A town with a greater diversity in shops and facilities
It retains its individual character
Predominantly independent shops

Question 20

What does homogenised mean?

Answer 20

Making something uniform or similar

Question 21

What are some examples of ‘placeless’ places?

Answer 21

Service stations
Airports
Train stations

Question 22

What does glocalization mean?

Answer 22

When TNCs adapt to the local market place e.g. In Hindu countries, McDonalds has removed beef from the menu while in Muslim countries, pork has been removed
The number of McCafes has also increased with the growth of coffee culture
In Germany they love to eat a lot of meat so they have combined sausages and burgers together in one meal, they also serve beer with food because Germans love that

Question 23

A global sense of place

Answer 23

The economic and social geographer Doreen Massey wrote about global sense of place in which she questioned the idea that places are static. She argued instead that places are dynamic; they have multiple identities and they do not have to have boundaries
In her speech she mentioned that in a walk down Kilburn High Road you can see “four life-sized models of Indian women and reams of cloth”- Doreen Massey 1994

Question 24

Key survey finds of East London

Answer 24

‘Poor’
Home to some of Londons poorest areas but recently revitalised by Olympic Park developments and growing youth culture- is poor and dirty, but also arty and try-hard

Question 25

Key survey finds of North London

Answer 25

‘Intellectual’
The area has been home to Stephen Fry, Geri Halliwell and Michael Foot- is cultured, but past its prime

Question 26

Key survey kinds of West London

Answer 26

‘Posh’
Where most of the city’s wealthiest residents live
Of course with the high-class, cultured reputation also comes with the view that West London is trendy and pretentious

Question 26

Key survey finds of South London

Answer 26

‘Rough’
Like the East, is both rough and up and coming
Like the North it is also viewed as especially family-friendly and suburban (and dull)

Question 27

What are qualitative sources?

Answer 27

Information that is non-numerical, unstructured and open-ended e.g interviews, focus groups and photographs
Subjective, opinion

Question 27

What are quantitative sources?

Answer 27

Data that can be quantified, verified and statistically manipulated e.g. statistics, graphs, factual date
Objective, hard facts

Question 28

What are types of quantitative data to do with sense of place?

Answer 28

Census data and house prices

Question 29

What are types of qualitative data to do with sense of place?

Answer 29

Interviews
Photographs
Textual sources
Poetry and music
TV and film
Art
Architecture
Graffiti
Maps and countermapping

Question 30

Interviews

Answer 30

Can generate detailed insights about a persons sense of place Specific questions Firsthand, direct reports so is reliable
Insight into their feelings and opinions
However:
Interviewer bias
Interviewer may affect the responses from the interviewee
Person answering may not be honest and want to present themselves in a favourable light
Interviewer can ask leading questions

Question 30

Census data and house prices

Answer 30

Shows diversity in the area
Shows changes across time e.g. gender distribution, religion
Shows wealth and economic status of an area as well as popularity of an area
However:
Not always objective as people choose the date they wish to use for a particular purpose, becomes subjective
Statistics tell us very little about human experience and what it is like to live there

Question 31

Photographs

Answer 31

Depicts what a place is ‘like’
Can show scenery/weather/people
However:
Editing
Selective
Cropping
One snapshot at a time

Question 32

Textual sources

Answer 32

Novels evoke a sense of place as they give the reader an understanding of what it is like to be ‘there’ (esp if it is non-fiction)
Often this is a positive association e.g. Thomas Hardy’s Dorset
However:
Place prejudice can happen if a place is depicted negatively in the media (newspapers, Internet)
In the press in the late 1990s, ‘Scouse’ characters were those of unemployment, economic deprivations, gangs, rioting and drug problems

Question 33

Poetry and music

Answer 33

Can be written from a firsthand experience (they may be from this place)
However:
Hard to interpret
May not know the place very well but will damage other peoples perspective on the place (bias)

Question 34

TV and film

Answer 34

e.g. Poldarks Cornwall
e.g. Lord of the Rings (New Zealand tourism increased by 50% after first film)
e.g. Dubrovnik, Croatia (Kings Landing) Game of Thrones
However:
e.g. Killing Eve, Lime of Duty, Topboy (all in London)
Can make a place look bad
If you have only seen Made in Chelsea, it is not realistic
Editing can be misleading

Question 35

Art

Answer 35

Paintings showing the countryside made famous by the likes of John Constable
Can show a deep understanding of what the countryside means to the artist
However:
Gives an impression of rural idyll which wasn’t realistic of the time of painting
Paintings are less reliable than photos as the painter hasn’t interpreted the scene for themselves
Subjective (can be made up)

Question 36

Architecture

Answer 36

Architecture plays a vital role in giving a place a meaning
Some redevelopment schemes utilise current architecture (e.g. Southgate in Bath)
The Bullring in Birmingham is now a major landmark and has given new place meaning to the city
However:
Redevelopment causes gentrification, this segregates locals and those who are so economically disadvantaged, you do not see that when you look at architecture

Question 37

Graffiti

Answer 37

Gives meaning to the city
Can be used in the regeneration of places
Graffiti traditionally used to show ownership of a place
Banksy argues it gives a voice to people who aren’t usually heard
Some graffiti is in art galleries now, it can be bought and sold
However:
It can automatically give a certain place a meaning that typically isn’t positive

Question 38

Maps and countermapping

Answer 38

Locate place and can influence how we feel or what we think about them (a place)
However:
We must ‘ pass a critical eye’ over the reliability and accuracy of maps as throughout history they have distorted reality
E.g. early world maps such as the Mappamundi (1300) showed the world as a flat disc with Jerusalem the holy land at the centre
Maps can include hidden bias and influence e.g. Google Maps

Question 39

Addlestone facts

Answer 39

Addlestone is a town in Surrey
Approximately 5 km²
30 km south west of London
Runnymede borough
Just inside the M25
Elevations (height of land) ranges between 11 and 40 m
Soil consist of sand, silt and clay with high ground water
Built on/near a floodplain, therefore has flat land and fertile soil which is good for farming/agriculture
Close proximity to river and canal-good for transport and access to water

Question 40

What does exogenous mean?

Answer 40

Factors existing outside/externally that contribute to the character of a place e.g. Chinatown in London

Question 41

What does endogenous mean?

Answer 41

Factors existing inside/internally that contribute to the character of a place e.g. River Thames in London

Question 42

Examples of natural endogenous factors

Answer 42

Topography/relief - hills, valleys, plains or mountains
Water – spring, rivers, coasts, lakes
Rocks/geology – minerals, precious ores, soils
Climate – temperature, wind, precipitation
Location - altitude, coastal aspect, floodplain, desert

Question 43

Examples of Human endogenous factors

Answer 43

Land use– farming, urban, industrial
Economic characteristics – primary, secondary, tertiary or quaternary industries
Built environment – modernist or high-tech, post modern Western cities, age of buildings
Communications and infrastructure – motorways, broadband, rail, airports
Demographic characteristics– gender balance, population age, ethnicity factors

Question 44

Examples of exogenous factors

Answer 44

Migration- a shifting flow of people
Technological change- the shifting flows of ideas
Economic changes- the shifting flows of money and investment
Government rules and decisions- governments can make decisions that impact people

Question 45

History of Addlestone -endogenous factors

Answer 45

Addlestone began life as a quiet agricultural hamlet
In the 17th or early 18th centuries much of the present centre of Addlestone was a ‘healthy common’ as Addlestone Common or Marlheath
Hatch farm and Crockford Bridge farm was in existence in C.1700 because of the agricultural nature of the town and are still present today
Coxes lock Mill Addlestone was built in 1776-1777 and with the joining of the Basingstoke canal with the Wey navigation in 1796 traffic on the canals increasing significantly
Local industries grew up connected to the canals and the barges using the navigation carried timber, coal, corn, flour, wood and even gunpowder
The enclosure act of 1808 saw the loss of much common land which had previously been farmed communally
Under the enclosure, some land was set aside as small holdings for the ‘poor and dispossessed’ which were administered by a local charity and named “The Poor’s Allotment
At this time, new roads were laid to provide access to the newly enclosed land, these roads provide Addlestone with a shape we know today
In 1871 Princess Mary Village homes was established as a refuge for girls whose fathers were in prison or who needed care
The Crouch Oak (tree) believed to have originated in the 11th century. It is an important symbol of the town.(historic feature) some local businesses use this as their name today

Question 46

History of Addlestone – exogenous factors

Answer 46

In 1848, the Addlestone railway was built
The improvements in access and transportation that the new railway made possible resulted in wealthy commuters moving into Addlestone and building larger houses
The local economy was boosted in 1917 by the Bleriot aeroplane factory, Lang’s propellor factory and the Weymann’s Coachworks this caused Addlestone to expand greatly between 1914 and 1939
In the 1950s the site was taken over by Weymann to build buses and coaches who built the prototype of the AEC Routemaster by seizing trade in the mid 1960s
In 1990, the site was used by Marconi (telecommunications company), these companies were important local employers