Human GEO Final Review Flashcards
hearth areas of agriculture
areas from where the origins of agricultural ideas of innovation ideas began and spread
e.g. seed agriculture and different kinds of foods
examples of hearth areas
- US & Canada: Corn and wheat
- South America: Corn
- Eastern Europe/ Russia: Wheat
- Africa: Sorghum of Millet
Asia: Rice
subsistence agriculture
agriculture only for farmers to meet the needs of themselves and their families
commercial agriculture
producing crops and livestock for sale and profit
food security
accessibility, affordability, safety, and availability of nutritious food at all times
hunting and gathering
self-explanatory
intensive subsistence agriculture
more work is needed to obtain the same level of production
ex. paddy and wet rice dominant
organic agriculture
farmers rely on natural methods to encourage plant health
e.g. avoidance of fertilizers, pesticides, and GMOs
pastoralism
individuals rely on livestock as a primary means of subsistence
e.g. herding of domestic animals
pastoral nomadism
moving animals on a seasonal basis to areas that have the necessary resources to meet the needs of the herd
* Central Asia, Sahel region of North and West Africa
* causes soil erosion & water degradation
plantation agriculture
production of one crop
- prevalent in LDCs, produced “banana republics” and cash crops
results in dependency: interactions between core countries which rely on peripheral countries for their raw materials
ranching
allows animals to roam freely on the fringes of productive land; unsupervised by farmer
* requires huge areas of land
sustainable agriculture
balances agriculture with environmental conservation and sustainability for current and future generations
Swidden/slash and burn/shifting cultivation
trees and undergrowth are cut down and vegetation is burned
Swidden: land on which shifting occurs
advantages: ash provides nutrients for the soil; good for small groups as the land has enough time to recover
disadvantages: lots of land need, environmental degradation is likely to occur
* people have to move regularly
transhumance
the seasonal movement of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures
* follows pre-established routes
VonThunen model of agricultural use
humans will use land in relation to the cost of land and the cost of transporting products to market
market gardening – dairy farming – forests – grains and field crops – ranching and livestock
break-of-bulk point
a location of transportation where goods are transferred from one mode of transportation to another
e.g. a ship to a truck or train
bulk-reducing industry
an industry in which the final product weighs less or has less volumes than its inputs
e.g. paper industry
bulk-gaining industry
an industry in which the final product has a greater volume than its inputs
e.g. soda industry, brick/cement making
market-oriented industry
prioritized identifying the needs of consumers and creating products to satisfy them
e.g. Coca Cola, amazon
deindustrialization
decline in manufacturing capacity and employment
* usually occurs in developed economies (NA, Europe, Japan)
* disadvantages: dissolution of industrial cities, unemployment, closing of plants, decline in income
economies of scale
the reduction in cost per unit of production as the volume of production increases
globalization
the increasing interdependence and interconnectedness of economic, political, and cultural characteristics throughout the world
Industrial Revolution
18th century Europe – huge technological transformation (railroad, telegraph, and manufacturing)
Industrialization
process by which economic activities on earth’s surface evolved from producing basic, primary goods to using factories for mass-producing goods for consumption.
Fordism and assembly line production
simplification, workers only have to learn one skill –> mass production, mass consumption, and higher wages for workers
e.g. scientific management: managers controlled the pace of the production line
primary sector
- agriculture
- gathering and extractive industries
secondary sector
- manufacturing and processing
- power generation
tertiary sector
- retail and wholesale
- personal services
quaternary sector
- information and research
- management and decision making
quinary
nursing homes, polices/fire services, childcare
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
complete output by a nation; higher GDP = more developed, lower poverty
Gross National income (GNI)
total income earned by a countries people and businesses (national wealth)
* adds in income received from investments from outside the country
Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) (GNI per capita)
exchange rate; amount of money needed in one country to purchase the same good in another country