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PPL > Human Factors > Flashcards

Human Factors Flashcards

1
Q

Class 1 Medical

A

Validity: 1 year or 6 months when over 65

To exercise the privileges of CPL and ATPL

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2
Q

Full Class 2 Medical

A

Valid: 4 years below 40 or 2 years when 40 and above

For the privileges of an RPL and PPL and, if non-passenger carrying, CPL (MTOW < 8616kg)/flight instructing

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3
Q

Basic Class 2

A 
GP Issuable
PPML: Private Pilot Medical License
For MTOW < 8618kg, day VFR, < 10,000ft AMSL, max 5 paxs, piston engine, no operational ratings, no flight activity endorsements
Valid: 5 years under 40
         : 2 years over 40
         : 1 year over 70
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4
Q

Class 3 Medical

A

ATC

Valid: 2 years

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5
Q

RAMPC Medical

A

Valid: 2 years under 65 years or GP dependent
: 12 months 65 and over
For single engine piston aircraft, MTOW < 1500kg, day VFR, < 10,000ft AMSL, no aeros and only 1 pax

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6
Q

Heart Disease and Angina

A

Angina: a symptom of an underlying heart problem (eg. coronary heart disease)
Reduces blood supply to the heart due to blocked arteries, placing stress on the heart, leading to pain
Causes include: smoking, high cholesterol, obesity and alcohol

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7
Q

Atmospheric Makeup

A

Nitrogen 78%
Oxygen 21%
Carbon Dioxide 0.03%
Which remain constant with altitude

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8
Q

ISA Temperature and Pressure

A

Temperature: Drops 1.98 deg per increase of 1000 feet in altitude
Pressure: Drops 1 hpa per increase of 30 feet in altitude

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9
Q

Upper Respiratory Tract Infections (URTI’s)

A

Very common, usually airborne in nature

Results in pain and pressure of the ear due to middle ear infections

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10
Q

Symptoms of Upper Respiratory Tract Infections

A

Reddening of the eyes
Blockages of airways
Headaches

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11
Q

Examples of Upper Respiratory Tract Infections

A 
Cold
Flu
Hayfever
Congestion
Sinus Infections
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12
Q

Daltons Law of Partial Pressure

A

Total pressure exerted by a volume of gas is equal to the partial pressures of the individual gasses

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13
Q

Pressure Required by the Human Body

A

Requires at least 55mmHg or 74hpa of pressure to breathe naturally, approx 10,000ft
Average pressure = 1013.25 hpa, pressure exerted by oxygen = 21% = 212hpa

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14
Q

Hypoxia

A

A condition in which the body is deprived of oxygen

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15
Q

Types of Hypoxia

A
  1. Hypoxic: Oxygen reduced (eg. high altitudes, as low as 4000 ft AMSL)
  2. Anaemic: Carrying capacity reduced (eg. low red blood cells, CO poisoning)
  3. Stagnant: Circulation reduced (eg. poor circulation)
  4. Histotoxic: Interference of the use of oxygen (eg. alcohol)
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16
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Hypoxia

A 
Vision impairment
Cyanosis
Mental confusion and poor judgement
Poor motor coordination
Hyperventilation
Feeling of euphoria
Apprehension
Nausea and headaches
Dizziness
Hot and cold flushes
Numbness and tingling
Unconsciousness
Death
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17
Q

Causes of Hypoxia

A 
Smoking
Drinking
Extreme temperatures
Physically unfit
Increased demand for oxygen
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18
Q

Food Poisoning

A

Gastroenteritis
#1 cause of pilot incapacitation
Caused by bacteria, viruses and other pathogens

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19
Q

Symptoms of Food Poisoning

A 
Nausea
Stomach cramps
Vomiting and diarrhoea
Fever
Headaches
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20
Q

Headaches and Migraines

A

Non-specific pain symptoms (many causes)
Neurological disorder characterised by repeated attacks of severe and debilitating headaches
Generally between 4 hours and 3 days

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21
Q

Symptoms of Headaches and Migraines

A

Throbbing and pulsating to one side of the head
Nausea
Sensitivity to bright lights and noise

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22
Q

Pregnancy

A

CASA allows 30 weeks and 6 weeks after

Problems arise from ergonomics and mood swings

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23
Q

Physical Injuries

A

Can interfere with pilots capacity

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24
Q

Ageing

A

Reduces response time, increases likelihood of medical complications, deteriorations in sensory info
RPT pilot retirement: 65 years of age
PIC over 60 must have a younger co-pilot

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25
Q

Blood Donations

A

Side effects: within 10-15 mins, cause dehydration

DAME advice, with 24hrs before flight operations

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26
Q

Dehydration

A

Deficiency of water

Symptoms: Headaches, dizziness, nausea, weakness and light headedness, delirium, swelling of the tongue, unconsciousness

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27
Q

Alcohol

A

Absorbed rapidly through the stomach and small intestine and is transported to the brain via blood
Can prevent the brain from making use of oxygen
Can remain for 72 hours
A central nervous system depressant

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28
Q

Effects of Alcohol

A 
Impaired reaction time, judgement, thinking process and memory
Blurred/double vision
Dizziness
Decreased hearing perception
Slurred speech
Impaired motor skills
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29
Q

Elimination of Alcohol

A

Excrete 2% - 8% and metabolise 92% - 98%

Average rate of elimination: 15mg/hr or 1.5 standard drinks per hour

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30
Q

Hangover

A 
Nausea
Headaches
Vomiting
Lethargy
Upset sleep patterns
Impaired judgement
Dry mouth and thirst
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31
Q

Blood Alcohol Concentration

A

Amount of alcohol in a persons blood stream by measuring the difference between the absorption rate and elimination rate, plateaus 30 mins after last drink
Affected by body size, food intake, body fat, gender and amount of alcohol consumed

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32
Q

Law on Alcohol Consumption

A

8 hours prior to scheduled time of departure cannot drink with a 0 BAC whilst on duty
A 0.02% buffer for perfume and mouthwash

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33
Q

Prescription Drugs

A

Prescribed by a doctor and should consult a DAME before consuming to ensure no side effects

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34
Q

Hyperventilation

A

The washout of carbon dioxide from your body
The body is ventilating carbon dioxide faster than it can produce it, voluntarily or involuntarily, characterised by over-breathing

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35
Q

Symptoms of Hyperventilation

A 
Dizziness
Weakness
Lightheadedness
Shortness of breath
Tingling around the mouth and fingertips
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36
Q

Treatment for Hyperventilation

A

Remove person from the causes of stress

Paper bag method

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37
Q

Acceleration (G Forces)

A

A measurement of acceleration a body feels as an increase or decrease of ‘apparent weight’
Blood to the head: Negative G manoeuvres - redout (-2.0g)
Blood at the feet: Positive G manoeuvres - greyout (+3.5g)/balckout (+5.0g)/G-LOC (>+5.0g or +5.0g sustained)

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38
Q

Atmospheric Pressure Changes

A

Trapped gasses (dysbarism or barotrauma)

  • Will cause a problem with atmospheric pressure changes
  • If body cannot equalise pressure discomfort can occur
  • Certain foods can increase the likelihood: onions, radishes, beans cabbage, etc
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39
Q

Application of Boyles Law to Diving

A

As a diver ascends the surrounding pressure decreases and the compressed nitrogen expands, if not completed slowly enough pain can be caused: decompression sickness

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40
Q

Symptoms of Decompression Sickness

A 
Joint pain
Muscle pain
Numbness
Tingling
Red rash
Respiratory problems
Paralysis
Death
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41
Q

CASA Guidelines for Diving

A

Dive with no decompression stops = 4 hours rest
Dive for less than 4 hours with decompression stops = 12 hours rest
Dive for > 4 hours with decompression stops = 48 hours rest

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42
Q

Toxic Hazards

A

Carbon monoxide poisoning: incomplete combustion of carbon compounds from the aircraft engine
An aircraft may have carbon monoxide detectors

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43
Q

Symptoms of Carbon Monoxide Poisoning

A 
Headaches
Dizziness
Blurred vision
Disorientation
Nausea and vomiting
Rapid heartbeat
Loss of hearing
Weakness
Loss of consciousness
Seizures
Respiratory failure
Cardiac arrest
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44
Q

Treatment for Carbon Monoxide Poisoning

A

Remove the source or person
Ensure fresh air
medical treatment

45
Q

Information Processing

A

The 5 senses receive information and send it to the brain (the central processing unit of the body)
Works in this way:
1. Sensation: information received
2. Perception: what the brain thinks is happening
3. Response: how the brain is going to respond
4. Action: now the body acts
Limited by :
- The number of items the mind can hold
- The rate at which the mind can process and use the stimuli

46
Q

Human Memory

A

Process in which information is stored, encoded and retrieved

47
Q

Short Term Memory

A

2-5 seconds

48
Q

Long Term Memory

A

Indefinite
Consists of:
- Semantic memory: memory of meaning, understanding and other concept based knowledge
- Episodic memory: memory of autobiographical events (times, places and associated emotions)

49
Q

Stress

A

Natural human mechanism inbuilt for reasons of survival
Positive or negative condition impacting a persons mental and physical well-being
Short term = acute: Can increase performance
Long term = chronic: Occurs with a lack of recovery time between acute stress events
A persons ‘Fight or Flight Mechanism”

50
Q

Types of Stressors

A

Environmental: from surrounding environment
Heat: excessive heat leading to dehydration
Cold: excessive cold
Vibration: shockwaves can damage body tissue
Domestic: home life
Work: workplace

51
Q

Symptoms of Stress

A 
Fatigue
Memory problems
Moodiness and irritability
Withdrawn personality
Alcohol and drug abuse
Lack of sleep
Kidney and liver problems
52
Q

Stress Management

A

Relaxation therapy
Finding an outlet (exercise)
Medicine
Cognitive behavioural therapy

53
Q

Fatigue

A

Subjective feeling of tiredness, categorised as acute or chronic in nature

54
Q

Acute Fatigue

A

Tiredness within approx 24 hours

55
Q

Chronic Fatigue

A

Prolonged fatigue which becomes debilitating

56
Q

Fatigue Treatment

A

Rest
Diagnose
Medical attention
Medication

57
Q

Ergonomics

A

Engineers incorporate ergonomic design features
Improve efficiency and safety for the human body and cognitive abilities
Reduce the risk of errors and confusion and prevent repetitive strain injuries (RSI)

58
Q

The Ear

A

Responsible for hearing, balance and body position

59
Q

Outer Ear

A

Pinna (auricle)
Ear canal
Ear drum

60
Q

Middle Ear

A

Air filled cavity
Ossicles: Hammer, anvil and stirrup (3 bones), which amplify the vibrations
Eustachian tube: Connected to the upper throat, which equalises pressure between internal and external pressures, allowing air to escape more easily than entering

61
Q

Inner Ear

A

Cochlea: Converts vibrations to nerve impulses via tiny hairs
Semi-circular canals
Otolith organs: Utrical and saccule
Auditory nerve
Split anatomically into bony and membranous labyrinths

62
Q

Path Through the Ear

A 
Pinna
Ear canal
Ear drum
Ossicles
Cochlea
63
Q

Eustachian Tube

A

Descent: Increase in pressure, air wants to enter which can cause pain

64
Q

Valsalva Manoeuvre

A

Equalise any pressure differentials, opens eustachian tube to allow air to enter

65
Q

Hearing Loss

A
  1. Conductive: defect of bones (ossicles) or ear drum
  2. Sensorineural: failure of the auditory nerve
  3. Presbycusis: age induced
    Decibel level above 85 deemed hazardous
    140 decibel level will cause pain
66
Q

The Eye

A

Binocular in its makeup

Responsible for sight, balance and body position

67
Q

Path Through the Eye

A

Cornea
Lens (fine focus): Controlled by ciliary muscles which also controls the iris, altering the size of the pupil (giving light), in line with the fovea (central cones) and the retina (rods) for peripheral vision
Image is transferred to the brain by the optic nerve

68
Q

Components of the Eye

A

Pupil: Allows light to enter onto the retina
Lens: 25% - fine focusing
Cornea: 75% - coarse focusing
Retina: Contains photo receptors
- Cones: Colour, shape, detail, bright light (fovea), don’t work well at night (create a blind spot), forms central vision, concentrated on fovea
- Rods: Forms peripheral vision, distinguish movement with no colour and little detail, work best in low levels of light, located on the outside edges of the retina

69
Q

Light Adaptation

A

Approx 5 mins for eye to adapt to bright from dark

Approx 30 mins to adapt from dark to light

70
Q

Empty Field Myopia (Short sightedness)

A

Eyes have nothing to focus on and lens relaxes, focusing automatically at a range of 1-2 metres ahead
Causes blurred vision without pilot knowledge
Detection of movement outside of the field of view can be delayed and hard to determine in nature and range

71
Q

Glare

A

Reduction of pupil size, arising from bright light

Use a visor or sunglasses

72
Q

Colour Vision

A

Pilots must have full colour vision due to coloured charts

73
Q

Myopia

A

Short-sighted
Cornea is elongated in the horizontal plane
Light isn’t directly focused on the retina
Correction with a concave lens

74
Q

Hypermetropia

A 
Long-sighted
Cornea elongated in the vertical plane
Focus on things far away
Image focuses behind the retina
Corrected with a convex lens
75
Q

Astigmatism

A

Cornea becomes uneven in its shape
Light focuses in front or behind the retina
Correction with a cylindrical lens

76
Q

Presbyopia

A

Progressively diminished ability to focus on near objects with age
Lens hardens and ciliary muscles become weaker

77
Q

Flicker Vertigo

A

Imbalance in brain-cell activity due to an exposure to a flickering light causing disorientation

78
Q

Illusions and Disorientation

A

Enhanced by: bad weather, saccadic eye movement (eyes jiggle - less focus), haze, pollutants and sunlight
To prevent risks: fly with visual reference, avoid staring at lights, fatigue - allow eyes to adapt to lights

79
Q

Equilibrium

A

Established and maintained in the human body with three sensory systems: visual, auditory and proprioceptive systems

80
Q

Without Equilibrium

A

Can lead to disorientation
- The leans (body doesn’t recognise a slow turn)
- Linear and angular acceleration illusions (not knowing if you are pitching up or accelerating)
- Auto-kinetic illusions (where a stationary light appears to move as your eyeballs start to jiggle)
- Graveyard spin
Unperceived changes in the 3 axis of concentration

81
Q

Motion Sickness

A

Disagreement between the bodies 3 systems of equilibrium

Recovery: Look at the horizon, loosen clothing, open air vents, use supplemental oxygen, avoid head movements

82
Q

Landing Illusions

A

Wide: Closer
Narrow: Further away
Slope up: Approach angle too high
Slope down: Approach angle too low

83
Q

Motion Parallax Illusions

A

Objects from a distance appear to move slowly

Objects viewed closer appear to move much faster

84
Q

Body Rhythms: Circadian rhythm

A

Natural sleep/wake cycle of the body

85
Q

Body Rhythms: Desynchronisation

A

Jet lag
Travelling east is harder (body clock must speed up)
Adjust by approx 1.5 hours per day

86
Q

Body Rhythms: Human Efficiency

A

At its worst: early am and early afternoon (post-prandial dip)

87
Q

Body Rhythms: Rapid Eye Movement (REM) & Sleep Pattern

A

Older: need less sleep, but less flexible when you sleep

88
Q

A Threat

A

Anything that has the potential to negatively impact the safety of the flight

89
Q

Types of Threats

A 
Expected
Unexpected
Latent
Internal
External
90
Q

Internal Threats

A

Flight crew only

Eg. Pilot proficiency, cultural differences, illness, fatigue, accents, conflicting personalities, etc

91
Q

External Threats

A

Anything but the flight crew
Environmental
Organisational

92
Q

Environmantal Threats

A

Anything around the aircraft

Eg. weather, CTA, CTAF, terrain, high traffic density, unfamiliar aerodrome, etc

93
Q

Organisational Threats

A

From the organisation/company
Eg. Maintenance issues, differing procedures, student pilot guide different to what is taught, flight and duty problems, etc

94
Q

An Error

A

Pilot action or inaction

95
Q

Types Of Errors

A

Handling
Procedural
Communication

96
Q

Handling Errors

A

Actual flying of the aircraft
Eg. Using too much power on final, not looking out, raising nose of the aircraft too high on round out, not sufficient hold off, etc

97
Q

Procedural Errors

A

Failure to follow procedure
Eg. Failing to use checklists, weight and balance done incorrectly, doing left circuits when ERSA said right circuits, failure to stop at holding point, etc

98
Q

Communication Errors

A

Misinterpreting communication

Eg. Non-standard format broadcast, not listening to whole ATIS, fast speech, bad radios, etc

99
Q

Undesired Aircraft States

A

Anything the aircraft shouldn’t be doing or where it shouldn’t be

100
Q

Types of Undesired Aircraft States

A

Aircraft Handling
Ground Navigation State
Incorrect Aircraft Configurations

101
Q

Aircraft Handling

A

Anything to do with flight condition
Eg. Stall, spin, spiral dive, too high, low, slow or fast on final, exceeding VNE, violation of CTA or PRDs, not enough crosswind correction, etc

102
Q

Ground Navigation State

A

Anywhere aircraft shouldn’t be whilst on the ground

Eg. Using wrong taxiway/holding point, taxiing too fast, run off the runway, etc

103
Q

Incorrect Aircraft Configurations

A

Anything you can set

Eg. QNH setting, trim, flaps, DG misaligned, X-Pond, radio frequencies, auto pilot mode, power setting

104
Q

Outcome

A

Either positive or negative

105
Q

Types of Countermeasures

A

Planning
Execution
Review
Systemic

106
Q

Planning Countermeasure

A

Anything that can be done prior to flight

Eg. Thorough pre-flight, checking weather and NOTAMs, plan B’s, etc

107
Q

Execution Countermeasure

A

Making sure that all systems are running correctly

Eg. Cross-checking instruments, prioritising and managing tasks, checking ERSA, etc

108
Q

Review Countermeasure

A

Tasks that require evaluation of the situation
Eg. Choosing to abort takeoff after seeing oil pressure not in the green, following general direction when lost, diversions, etc

109
Q

Systemic Countermeasure

A

Anything built into the aircraft

Eg. Ammeter low volt light, stall warning, gear warning, circuit breakers, TCAS, etc

PPL (4 decks)

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