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EPHE 456 > Human Factors 3 > Flashcards

Human Factors 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Sound

A

vibration of air molecules

  • object moving back and forth compresses and rarifies air
  • creates pressure that are at higher and lower atmospheric pressures
  • spreads in a wave which can be graphed 2D
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2
Q

amplitude

A

sound pressure percieved as loudness

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3
Q

frequency

A

cycles per second (hertz) perceived as pitch

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4
Q

pitch

A

wavelength/frequency

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5
Q

condensation

A

air particles vibrate about a fixed point

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6
Q

rarefaction

A

wave of vibration spreads outwards

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7
Q

3 tiny bones

A

malleus, incus, stapes

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8
Q

3 small bones

A

convert sound vibrations from air to fluid vibrations in the cochlea

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9
Q

eardrum

A

tympanic memebrane

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10
Q

cochlea

A

split into upper and lower part by basilar membrane - an elastic partition that runs from begining to end

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11
Q

basilar membrane

A

fluid in cochlea ripples and travelling wave forms along the basilar membrane

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12
Q

hair cells

A

sensory cells in basilar membrane that move up and down
microscopic hair-like projections (stereocilia) on top of the hair cells bump against an overlying structure and bend
bending causes channels which are at the tips of the steroeocilia to open up -chemicals rush in creating an electric signal

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13
Q

auditory nerve

A

carries electrical signal into the brain, which translates into a sound that we recognize and understand

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14
Q

hair cells and cochlea

A

different areas are sensitive to different frequencies - pitch
apex = 200Hz and the base = 20,000Hz

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15
Q

sound intensity

A

acoustic intensity - sound power per unit area

watt per square meter (W/m^2)

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16
Q

example decibBels

A 
weakest sound heard - 0.0
Average home - 50
normal conversation - 60
phone dial tone - 80 
Truck traffic - 90
chainsaw- 110
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17
Q

sound intensity

A

DECIBELS

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18
Q

equal intensities but different frequencies are perceived by the same person to have unequal loudness

A

example 60dB with freq. of 1000Hz sounds louder than 60dB with a frequency of 500Hz

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19
Q

phon

A

used to indicate an individuals perception of loudness. Definition is 1phon = 1 dB at 1000Hz

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20
Q

60-phon curve

A

volunteers subjected to 1kHz sound at 6dB this is the loudness of 60phon
-repeated with different frequencies

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21
Q

sone

A

sone scale tells us how much louder one sound is than another

22
Q

interaction between sound amplitude and frequency

A

the sound we hear

23
Q

most sensitive tones

A

btw 1000-4000Hz

24
Q

Presbycusis

A

hearing threshold elevation at high frequencies

25
Q

noise induced hearing loss

A

sound can damage sensitive structures int he inner ear

26
Q

NIHL

A

can be temporary or permenant - can effect both or one ear can be immediate or take a while to notice

27
Q

hearing loss at work

A

15% OF AMERICANS have hearing loss by exposure to noise at work or leisure

28
Q

what causes NIHL

A

long or repeated exposure to sounds at or above 85 dB can cause hearing loss

29
Q

NIHL

A

most hearing loss is caused b damage and eventual death of hair cells - human hair cells don’t grow back
the louder the sound the shorter amount of time it takes for NIHL to happen

30
Q

NIOSH recommendations

A

85 dB for eight hours to minimize occupational risk
and recommends a 3dB exchange rate so that every increase by 3 dB doubles the amount of noise and halves the recommended exposure time

31
Q

center for disease and control

A

also has noise recommendation

32
Q

noise contouring

A

sound level meters used to measure dB at different places in a space and create a sound contour map

33
Q

highest NIHL in canada

A

carpentry

34
Q

tinnitus

A

ringing or buzzing or roaring in the head when no external noise is present

35
Q

NIHL completely preventable by

A 
know dB (above 85)
wear earplugs
move away from noise
be alert to hazardous environment 
protect the ears of children
raise awareness with friends and family 
have hearing tested
36
Q

temporary threshold shift (TTS)

A

aka auditory fatigue is exposure to continuous or impluse of noise may cause temorary hearing loss that goes away 16-48 hrs later

37
Q

TTS

A

in intense noise hair cells are bent and overstim leads to temporary paralysis of hair cells
hair cells will shift to recover with time away from the noise

38
Q

TTS

A

usually at frequencies higher than exposure frequency - usually 4000Hz

39
Q

chronic noise exposure

A

leads to raised cortisol levels and other stress horomones

noise exposure above 67-70dB weak correlation with hypertension

40
Q

noise levels of 50dB at night

A

may increase the risk of myocardial infraction

41
Q

noise also associated with

A

headaches , ulcers, fatigue, vertigo

42
Q

vestibular system

A

encodes linear and rotatory acceleration of the head
senses constant linear acceleration by earth gravity so it senses head position with respect to constant gravitational acceleration

43
Q

vestibular system

A

detects acceleration forces, maintains upright posture/balance and controls eye position relative to head

44
Q

semicircular canals

A 
angular acceleration (rotation) in 3 axes 
a crista embedded in jelly-like material(cupola) is supporte by hair cells that bend and fire in response to head rotation
45
Q

vestibular sacs (utricle and saccule(

A

hair cells in a jelly like substance lag behind when head moves - linear acceleration

46
Q

nystagmus

A

involuntary movement of eyes - mixture of fast and slow movements
can occur normally when tracking visual pattern
may also be abnormal and accompanied with vertigo (sensation of spinning)

47
Q

spontaneous nystagmus

A

presented spontaneously

48
Q

positional nystagmus

A

presented with a change in body position(specifically neck)

49
Q

most likely to cause damage (frequency)

A

low frequency - because you can listen to a lot louder (higher decibels) because it is perceived as quieter

50
Q

age related hearing loss

A

the threshold is higher so you can be exposed to them longer because you perceive them as quieter

EPHE 456 (5 decks)

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