Human Evolution - Hominid Studies, Sequence, Out of Africa Hypothesis, Evolution in present times Flashcards

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1
Q

Define hominids:

A

The term that refers to the Great Apes as well as humans and their fossil ancestors.

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2
Q

Define Homo sapiens

A

The genus and species to which modern human beings belong.

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3
Q

Define bipedalism:

A

An upright posture and locomotion on two feet.

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4
Q

Define knuckle walking:

A

The specific four-footed manner of walking illustrated by gorillas and chimpanzees.

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5
Q

Define prognathism:

A

The phenomenon in apes of large, prominent jaws (snout / muzzle) with no chin.

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6
Q

Define chromosomal DNA:

A

DNA that occurs in the nucleus of all cells and contains all the genetic information of an organism.

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7
Q

Define tool culture:

A

The way in which tools found in a particular region are made and used.

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8
Q

Explain Oldowan tool culture:

A

The tool culture that is named after an area in Tanzania where the oldest tools were first found.

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9
Q

Explain Acheulian tool culture:

A

The tool culture that is named after an area in France where more advanced tools were found.

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10
Q

What is Mousterian tool culture?

A

The most advanced tool culture composed of more refined tools and tool kits.

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11
Q

List the three main hominid genera:

A

-Ardipithecus
-Australopithecus
-Homo

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12
Q

“Who” / what is Taung Child?”

A

The name given to a fossil skull of Australopithecus africanus which was found by Prof. Raymond Dart near Kimberley

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13
Q

“Who”/ what is Mrs Ples?

A

Name given to a complete adult skull of Australopithecus africanus discovered by Dr Robert Broom in 1947 in the Sterkfontein Caves.

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14
Q

Who / what is Lucy?

A

The name given to a female fossil skeleton of Australopithecus afarensis found at Hadar in the Afar valley in Ethiopia by Donald Johanson in 1974.

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15
Q

Who / what was Little foot?

A

Name given to the ankle and foot bones of an Australopithecus fossil discovered by Dr Ron Clarke in 1994 in the Sterkfontein Caves.

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16
Q

What is Australopithecus sediba?

A

The genus and species name of the two fossils that were discovered in the Cradle of Humankind, in the Malapa area by Prof Lee Berger and his 9 year old son, Matthew.

17
Q

What does Homo habilis mean?

A

handy man

18
Q

What is the literal meaning of Homo erectus?

A

upright man

19
Q

Explain Homo neaderthalensis:

A

The Homo species which had a larger brain than Homo sapiens, but weaker development in language and technology.

20
Q

Explain the ‘Out of Africa’ hypothesis:

A

The hypothesis that suggests Homo sapiens originated in Africa approximately 200000 year ago and migrated to the rest of the world relatively recently (50000 years ago).

21
Q

Where in East Africa was the most hominid fossils found?

A

The Great Rift Valley

22
Q

Name the area in the world that is the richest in hominid fossils:

A

Cradle of Humankind

23
Q

Who was Dr Robert Broom?

A

Scottish medical doctor and palaeontologist who discovered Mrs Ples in 1947 in Sterkfontein.

24
Q

Who was Dr Raymond Dart?

A

An Australian anatomist and anthropologist who discovered Taung child in 1924.

25
Q

Who is Dr Phillip Tobias?

A

A South African palaeontologist. who, together with Louis Leakey, identified Homo habilis in the Olduval gorge in Tanzania.

26
Q

Who is Dr Andre Keyser?

A

A South African palaeontologist and geologist who discovered the complete skull of a female Australopithecus robustus in 1994 in Drimolen near Sterkfontein.

27
Q

Who is Dr CK Brain?

A

A palaeontologist from Rhodesia / Zimbabwe who performed extensive excavations and research at the Swartkrans caves in the Cradle of Humankind.

28
Q

Who is Prof. Ronald Clarke?

A

An English palaeontologist who discovered Little foot in 1994 in the Sterkfontein caves.

29
Q

Who is Prof Lee Berger?

A

An American palaeontologist, archeologist and anthropologist, who discovered Australopithecus sediba in 2008 in the Cradle of Humankind in the Malapa area.

30
Q

Define resistance:

A

The ability that organisms develop to reproduce in the presence of a substance that would normally be deadly or restrict its growth.

31
Q

Explain drug resistance:

A

The characteristic that bacteria develop so that they do not respond to certain medications.