Grade 12 Human Reproduction Part 2 Female reproductive organs Flashcards

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1
Q

**

What parts to the female reproductive system consist of?

A
  1. Ovaries
  2. Organs responsible for the transportation and care of the ovum and zygote - fallopian tubes (oviduct), uterus and vigina
  3. Exteral genitalia (vulva)
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2
Q

Describe what the ovaries are: (6)

A
  • Primary female sex organ - pair of ovaries
  • Situated in pelvic cavity
  • Almond-shaped organ about 1.5cm long - held in position in pelvic cavity by various **ligaments **
  • Each ovary is surrounded by a layer of germinal epithelium that divides to produce OVA by process of OOGENESIS
  • Primary follicles, tiny sac-like structures containing immarture egg, are embedded in the outer layer. A girl child is born with these primary follicles and total number of eggs determined at birth - between 200 000 - 400 000.
  • A primary follicle develops into a mature follice namely Graafian follicle.
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3
Q

Each ovary is surrounded by a layer of germinal epithelium that divides to produce **OVA by process of

A

OOGENESIS**

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4
Q

After ovulation (release of egg), the Graafian follicle forms the __________________

A

corpus luteum (yellow body)

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5
Q

What are the functions of the ovaries?

A
  1. Form and release of eggs (OVA)
  2. Produce estrogen and progesterone
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6
Q

List the 2 ORGANS FOR THE TRANSPORT AND CARE OF THE OVUM AND ZYGOTE:

A
  1. Fallopian tubes (oviducts)
  2. Uterus
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7
Q

Discuss the structure of the Fallopian tubes (oviduct):

A
  • Two Fallopian tubes (oviducts) extend from each ovary to the uterus
  • **Funnel-shaped opening on the ovarian side **- infundibulum, fringed by a series of finger-like projections called fimbriae
  • Walls of Fallopian tube, and INFUDIBULUM, are lined with CILIATED EPITHELIUM.
  • Muscular tubes lined with CILIA
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8
Q

What are the 3 main functions of the Fallopian Tubes?

A
  1. PATHWAY: between UTERUS and OVARY for eggs and zygote.
  2. TRANSPORT immature ovum as well as the developing zygote in the direciton of the uterus by means of **sweeping action of the CILIA and MUSCULAR CONTRACTIONS **(Peristalsis) of the INVOLUNTARY MUSCLE LAYER = Enable the egg or developing zygote to MOVE TOWARDS UTERUS (muscles and cilia
  3. This is the SITE of fertilisation and first cell division of the zygote.
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9
Q

Study diagram to show the STRUCTURE and FUNCTIONS of Fallopian Tubes.

A

Look at textbook diagram - NOW!

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10
Q

Discuss the STRUCTURE of the UTERUS:

A
  • Womb
  • Hollow, pear-shaped organ.
  • Thick-walled, muscular organ
  • Situated between the bladder and the rectum
  • 3 LAYERS: Serous layer (membranous), muscular layer (smooth involuntary muscle) and endometrium (mucous membrane) that line the uterus inside.
  • Edometrium thickens by becoming more vascular and glandular in peperation for implantation of the fertilised ovum.
  • Uterus narrows into the cervix, a neck region rich in glands.
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11
Q

What 3 layers does the uterine wall consist of?

A
  1. Serous layer (membranous),
  2. Muscular layer (smooth involuntary muscle) = Myometrium
  3. Endometrium (mucous membrane) that line the uterus inside - richly supplied with blood vessels.
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12
Q

What happens during ovulation with the endometrium?

A

Edometrium thickens by becoming more vascular and glandular in peperation for implantation of the fertilised ovum.

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13
Q

What happens during ovulation with the endometrium if fertilisation does NOT take place?

A
  • Upper layer of the endometrium becomes detached and is passed out together with the unfertilised egg
  • I.e. menstruation
  • Roughly every 28 days (could be more or less)
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14
Q

Discuss the 2 main function of the uterus: (2)

A
  1. CARE of embryo (foetus after 8 weeks) from implantation to birth = The organ in which BLASTOCYST implants, develops and grows.
  2. Contraction of the myometrium enables the baby to be pushed out during birth.
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15
Q

What is distinctive about the human uterus?

A
  • Higher primates with a simplex uterus in which there is no seperation between the horns and is therefore a single cavity.
  • Unlike early placentals (rodents and rabits) with a duplex uterus with two completely seperated urine horns and cervices opening into the vagina.
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16
Q

Discuss the strucure of the VAGINA:

A
  • Vagina or birth canal
  • Muscular passage between the uterus and outside of the body
  • Elastic, folded walls, which allows it to stretch during intercouse and childbirth
  • pH of vagina is quite acidic which helps to keep the vagina healthy and infection free
17
Q

What is the function of the vagina?

A
  1. Place where sperm are deposited during sexual intercouse
  2. Forms birth canal
18
Q

How does the vagina open to the exterior?

A

Through vulva (external female genitalia)
Consists of:
* inner labia,
* outer labia,
* clitoris and
* opening of the vagina

19
Q

The vagina of a virgin is partially closed by a membrane called ____________

A

the hymen

20
Q

What may cause the hymen of a virgin to get damaged?

A
  • physical exercise
  • tampons
  • medical examination
  • trauma
21
Q

Discuss the structure of the clitoris?

A
  • Small mass of erectile tissue
  • Found at the anterior end of the vulva
  • female counterpart of the male penis
22
Q

What is the function of the clitoris?

A

Plays role in sexual excitement of the female

23
Q

Discuss how and when puberty presents in girls:

A
  • Genetically determined - around ages 10 - 12 (11 - 14) v boys (14 - 16)
  • **Physcial, physiological and psychological **changes
  • Leads to development of secondary sex characteristics AND immature individual child becoming **capable of reproduction **
  • Ovaries start secreting hormones = estrogen and progesterone
  • These hormones help to prepare endometrium in the uterus for the implantation of the embryo
    *
24
Q

What is adolescence?

A

**Physcial, physiological and psychological **changes starting at puberty extending until age of 17 - 20 (females) and 18 - 21 (males)
* Behaviour often affected

25
Q

How does puberty in girls and boys start?

A
  • Pituitary gland, under stimulation from the hypothalamus, releases gonadotropins (hormones that stimulate gonads)
  • In males - interstitial-cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH) stimulates testis = secrete testosterone
  • In females - follicle-stimulating homone (FSH) stimulates ovaries to produce estrogen
  • Testosterone and estrogen initiate changes to the gonads and other body parts
  • The results of changes to gonads are called PRIMARY SEXUAL CHARACTERISTICS - as they influence reproduction
  • Other physical changes are called SECONDARY sexual characteristics - have nothing to do with actual reproduction process.
26
Q

What is the difference between PRIMARY and SECONDARY sexual characteristics?

A
  • The results of changes to gonads are called PRIMARY SEXUAL CHARACTERISTICS - as they influence reproduction
  • Other physical changes are called SECONDARY sexual characteristics - have nothing to do with actual reproduction process.
27
Q

**What physical changes occur during puberty in girls?

A
  • Breast development (10 - 12)
  • Hair growth - pubic, arm pits (11 -12)
  • Increase in size of uterus, ovaries and primary follicles
  • Widening of pelvis and thus hips (wider birth canal)
  • Deposition of fat on hips, thighs, upper arms and buttocks
  • Start of 28 day menstrual cycle (between 12 - 18)
  • First menstrual bleeding - menarche (typically 2 years after breast development)
  • menstruation - unique to humans and close primates
  • ovulation - 80% girls only after first year of menstruation
  • growth spurt - height
  • acne - oily skin
28
Q

Do girls experience behavioural changes during puberty?

A

Yes. Mood swings, emotional outbreaks, changed sleeping patters

29
Q

What are the 3 distinctive human sexual activities?

A
  • Human males are fertile all the time, unlike most mammalian species = Nocturnal emissions (wet dreams) occur in celibate males
  • Menstruation is unique to humans and close primates like chimpanzees
  • Mating in humans and to a lesser degree in other primates is not confined to the period of ovulation = thus mating is designed to reinforce pair bonding, especially where care of young is prolonged in humans