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Vertebrate Zoology > Human Evolution > Flashcards

Human Evolution Flashcards

1
Q

First primates

A

Had appearance of tree shrews with long snouts, good olfaction, poor diurnal vision: appeared ~65 mya (Paleocene)

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2
Q

Some of the first primates adapted to arboreal habit ~55 mya (Eocene)

A

Improved diurnal vision (including color vision: REVERSAL)

Larger brain

Stereoscopic vision

Shorter snout

Increased capacity for grasping motions

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3
Q

Lineage of primate leading to extant humans arose in _______

A

Africa

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4
Q

Primates

A

Lemurs, lorises, pottos; tarsiers; new world monkeys; old world monkeys; gibbons; orangutans; gorillas; chimpanzees; humans

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5
Q

Prosimii

A

Historical PARAPHYLETIC group

Includes lemurs, lorises, and pottos and tarsiers

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6
Q

Simiiformes

A

Monkeys + apes

New world monkeys, old world monkeys, gibbons, orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, humans

Simian ancestor appeared ~34 mya (Oligocene)

Clade comprising extant and extinct New World monkeys, Old World monkeys, apes (including humans)

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7
Q

Hominoidea

A

Hominoids + apes
-Gibbons, orangutans, gorillas, chimps, humans

Hominoid ancestor appeared ~23 mya (Miocene)

Clade comprising apes (including humans)

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8
Q

Hominidae

A

Hominids - Great apes

Hominid ancestor appeared ~14 mya (Miocene)

Clade comprising great apes (including humans)

“Uniquely” human traits evolved through the modification of traits that existed in ancestral forms

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9
Q

Trends in Lineage Leading to Humans

A

Characteristics of extinct lineages sharing a more recent common ancestor with humans than with extant non-human great apes

  • Enlargement of cranium (larger brain)
  • More reliance on vision and reduced olfactory capacity
  • Bow-shaped jaw with smaller teeth
  • PAEDOMORPHIC characteristics (type of heterochrony)
  • Skeletal changes associated with bipedalism (e.g. limbs, girdles, feet, position of foramen magnum)
  • Modifications permitting even more refined hand movements (e.g., relatively long robust thumb)
  • Longer period of dependency of young on mother
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10
Q

Earliest known hominin fossil

A

Sahelanthropus
-7.6-6 mya

BUT age suggests may be basal to the most recent common ancestor of humans/chimps, which is about 6 mya

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11
Q

Other hominin fossils

A

Spanning next several million years

Ardipithecus (2 species): 5.6-4.3 mya

Australopithecus (4 species): 4.1-3.0 mya

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12
Q

Homo (i.e. humans) appeared ______

A

~2.4 mya

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13
Q

H habilis

A

2.3-1.4 mya

Larger braincase and smaller face than non-Homo predecessors

Made tools

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14
Q

H. erectus

A

1.8-0.14 mya (likely more recent)

First Homo to leave Africa: got as far as SE Asia

More complex tools

Control of FIRE

WORE FURS

Mostly replaced by H. heidelbergensis and finished off by H. sapiens (e.g., on islands including Java)

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15
Q

H. neanderthalensis

A

Appeared at least 400K years ago (northern Spain)

Near East/Europe to ~28K years ago

MADE WEAPONS (spears)

May have created ART and JEWELRY

99.5-99.9% same DNA as H. sapiens

Interbred with H. sapiens
-Replaced by H. sapiens

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16
Q

H. floresiensis

A

“The Hobbits”

Lived on Flores until 54K years ago (previous study indicated as recent as 12K years ago)

Originally thought to be sister to H. erectus
-Isolation resulted in evolution of dwarfism (dwarfism and survival of forms extinct elsewhere is common on islands)

New study suggests sister lineage to H. habilis or possibly even more basal position

Likely replaced by H. sapiens

17
Q

H. sapiens

A

Extant

Appeared ~200K years ago

18
Q

Where did H. sapiens arise?

A

2 hypotheses:

1) Multiregional origin model
2) Recent African origin model

Both models attempt to address fossil and molecular evidence

19
Q

Multiregional Origin Model

A

H. erectus migrated out of Africa to locations across Asia, Europe, etc. by ~1 mya

Geographically separated populations then gave rise to phenotypically different races of H. sapiens

Gene flow prevented races from becoming species

20
Q

Recent African Origin Model

A

H. sapiens arose in Africa then migrated out of Africa 50-80K years ago into regions where H. erectus had preceded them and replaced them

Only after leaving Africa and occupying new regions did phenotypic differences between races evolve

H. sapiens (extant) appeared ~200K years ago

Vertebrate Zoology (16 decks)

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