Human Evolution (31,32,33)

Question 1

What is correct about genetic studies on human, chimp and gorilla lineages?

a. Mt-DNA studies show that humans intermediate between two great ape genera
b. B-Hb non coding studies show that humans are more related to gorillas
c. Y-linked studies show that Chimps and gorillas arose on a distinct lineage to humans
d. Nuclear studies show that humans directly arose from gorillas

Answer 1

a. Mt-DNA studies show that humans intermediate between two great ape genera

Question 2

Which do studies on Ardepithicus ramidus suggest?

a. Great apes will eventually develop bipedal locomotion
b. Hominids failed to develop bipedal locomotion
c. Bipedal locomotion may have been lost in great apes, rather than gained by humans
d. Bipedal locomotion is unique to H. heidelbergensis

Answer 2

c. Bipedal locomotion may have been lost in great apes, rather than gained by humans

Question 3

Which statement is FALSE?

a. H. habilis is the earliest Homo speicies
b. H. erectus is a direct ancestor of modern humans
c. H. neanderthalensis and H. Heidelbergensis are considered Homo Sapiens
d. Ancestors of modern humans existed concurrently rather than in a linear array

Answer 3

c. H. neanderthalensis and H. Heidelbergensis are considered Homo Sapiens

Question 4

The African replacement model:

a. Is also called the “In to Africa” model
b. States that populations in Asia and Europe were replaced with migrating African Homo Sapiens
c. Focuses on the role of Neanderthals
d. Believes that the out of Africa hypothesis happened 2 million years ago

Answer 4

b. States that populations in Asia and Europe were replaced with migrating African Homo Sapiens

Question 5

The multiregional model:

a. Is based on the out of Africa hypothesis and states that regional differences cannot be observed in modern humans
b. States that interbreeding will not occur between individuals of different regions
c. Is based on the idea that pre-existing populations descended from homo erectus evolved into homo sapiens independently in various regions
d. Has been confirmed through the use of mtDNA haplotyping

Answer 5

c. Is based on the idea that pre-existing populations descended from homo erectus evolved into homo sapiens independently in various regions

Question 6

• The lactase gene is turned on in most humans at the age of 8.

Answer 6

F

Question 7

• Gene trees and species trees are not always the same.

Answer 7

T

Question 8

• Gorillas and orang-utans are more closely related to humans than chimpanzees.

Answer 8

F

Question 9

• Genetic differences develop after morphological differences arise.

Answer 9

F

Question 10

• The hybridisation/assimilation model states that Homo sapiens migrated out of Africa subsequent to spread of H. erectus and H. neanderthalensis and that both these species contributed to hybridisation between species.

Answer 10

T

Question 11

What can cladistics show about the African replacement model and multiregional model?

a. In the AR model, you would expect modern skulls to resemble those of specimens from the same local area
b. In the MR model, you would expect modern skulls to resemble those of archaic African specimens
c. It has been observed that modern skulls are closest to African archaic specimens and this supports the AR model
d. You would expect modern skulls to resemble archaic African specimens in the AR and MR model

Answer 11

c. It has been observed that modern skulls are closest to African archaic specimens and this supports the AR model

Question 12

What can mitochondrial DNA show about the origin of modern humans?

a. Populations in warmer climates have less mitochondrial diversity and mutations in ND3 ad ATP6
b. The use of mtDNA haplotypes can be an oversimplification as many ancestral lines are lost over time and we only see the ones that have survived
c. The most shallow branches of a mtDNA tree are seen in ancestral African populations
d. Mitochondrial “Eve” is believed to have lived in Africa roughly one million years ago

Answer 12

b. The use of mtDNA haplotypes can be an oversimplification as many ancestral lines are lost over time and we only see the ones that have survived

Question 13

In regards ti phylogenetic trees for the origin of modern humans:

a. The entire mtDNA tree does not support the AR model
b. The microsatellite tree suggests that migration occurred 50,000 years ago after population expanded 100,000 years ago
c. The microsatellite tree demonstrates a reduction in variability in those moving out of Africa which was likely due to a bottleneck prior to migration
d. In the microsatellite tree, the point of coalescence occurs 200,000 years earlier if there was no bottleneck and if the population maintained constant size

Answer 13

c. The microsatellite tree demonstrates a reduction in variability in those moving out of Africa which was likely due to a bottleneck prior to migration

Question 14

What is false about Y chromosome sequences?

a. They suggest that migration back into Africa has not occurred
b. The tree is mostly similar to mt sequences
c. They show that Non-Africans migrated to East Africa 3000 years ago
d. They show that East Africans migrated to southern Africa 900-1800 years ago

Answer 14

a. They suggest that migration back into Africa has not occurred

Question 15

What is FALSE about Neanderthals?

a. The Genome more similar to modern Eurasian populations (1-4% from Neanderthals) than modern African genomes
b. Initial mtDNA suggested there was no intermixture with humans as there were no sequences in common and Neanderthal sequences were more basal
c. The haplotpyes of Neanderthal origin occur in all non-African populations
d. They are thought to have separated from the branch of human evolution 30,000 years ago

Answer 15

d. They are thought to have separated from the branch of human evolution 30,000 years ago

Question 16

What is FALSE about Perry’s Y chromosome?

a. It is thought to have arisen in Cameroon where the most closely related Y haplotypes occur
b. It is 338,000 years old and arose after modern humans
c. It is from a Homo sapiens female mating with a male from a now extinct species
d. It is an example of hybridisation

Answer 16

b. It is 338,000 years old and arose after modern humans

Question 17

What is correct about Denisovans?

a. Their teeth are identical to those of Neanderthals
b. 4% of their genome is shared with Neanderthals and 17% is shared with an unknown ancient source
c. The mtDNA found in the two teeth fossils is more variable than that mtDNA found in the seven known Neanderthal mt genomes
d. Their sequences are most often found in populations with a northern migratory route out of Indonesia

Answer 17

c. The mtDNA found in the two teeth fossils is more variable than that mtDNA found in the seven known Neanderthal mt genomes

Question 18

• Cladistics is based on testing relationships between skulls.

Answer 18

T

Question 19

• The point of coalescence is the point in time where all existing haplotypes diverge to form one basal haplotype.

Answer 19

F

Question 20

• The genome of Neanderthals is most similar to modern Africans as opposed to modern Eurasian populations.

Answer 20

F

Question 21

• The Ust’ Ishim 45,000 year old Male is not closely related to any modern day populations and the lineage has not survived.

Answer 21

T

Question 22

• About half of the alleles of the non-African HLA system are of archaic Homo origin which suggests that these variant alleles offered a selective advantage (hybrid vigour) to the small but expanding human populations in the Asian region.

Answer 22

T

Question 23

What do Y-haplotypes suggest about variation in Southern Africa?

a. The variation arose in the last 1000 years, before migrations to Europe and Asia occured
b. There is a lack of variation as it is the place of origin of modern humans
c. Variation arose in the last 15000 years and was absent at the time of migrations to Europe and Asia
d. The pygmy groups arose after migration and their haplotypes are dated about 10000 years ago

Answer 23

c. Variation arose in the last 15000 years and was absent at the time of migrations to Europe and Asia

Question 24

What is FALSE about modern Europeans?

a. Ancient North Eurasians challenge evidence that the first farmers migrated to the area
b. They show mixtures of Farmers of Near Easter origin, West European Hunter Gatherers and Ancient North Eurasians
c. West European Hunter Gathers contributed to all Europeans and not Near Eastern Populations
d. Ancient North Eurasians contribute to both West European Hunter Gathers and Farmers of Near Eastern Origin

Answer 24

a. Ancient North Eurasians challenge evidence that the first farmers migrated to the area

Question 25

What was shown by the 4500 year old Ethiopian skull bone?

a. It has 4-7% more DNA than the modern genome
b. It suggested that Neanderthals migrated back into Africa whilst farmers remained in Europe
c. It showed that there is 4-7% of DNA in the modern genome that entered African genomes in the past 4500 years
d. The fossil has a genome which is identical to that of modern day German farmers

Answer 25

c. It showed that there is 4-7% of DNA in the modern genome that entered African genomes in the past 4500 years

Question 26

What is correct about migration into the UK?

a. Migration was only possible from 5000 years ago on account of the Ice Age
b. The Balkans demonstrate recent migration events 2000 and 500 years ago
c. Italy and France show no migration patterns into the UK due to Gothic invasion
d. The population of the UK is stable across all regions

Answer 26

b. The Balkans demonstrate recent migration events 2000 and 500 years ago

Question 27

What is false about the periods that have aided migration into the UK?

a. Most migration began after the ice age in 9000 BC and the UK became an island in 7500 BC due to ice melting and sea levels rising
b. Angles and Saxons migrated into the UK in 600AD and this was accompanied with an Ireland to Wales migration
c. The Vikings migrated into the UK (mostly Northern Scotland) in 800-950 AD
d. The Romans migrated into the UK in 45-410 AD and are responsible for Scandinavian named towns having small amounts of Scandinavian DNA

Answer 27

d. The Romans migrated into the UK in 45-410 AD and are responsible for Scandinavian named towns having small amounts of Scandinavian DNA

Question 28

• Mungo man contains a sequence not found in modern human mtDNA but related to an insert of mtDNA into nuclear DNA on chromosome 11 and this is widespread in modern populations.

Answer 28

T

Question 29

• Southern Africa is where the least amount of mitochondrial and genomic variation is found.

Answer 29

F

Question 30

• mtDNA and Y chromosome markers indicate that Bantu farmers moved east and south about 5000-5600 years ago.

Answer 30

T

Question 31

• Agriculture had reached central Europe by 7500 years ago.

Answer 31

T