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Evolution Gr12 > Human Evolution > Flashcards

Human Evolution Flashcards

1
Q

define hominids

A

Biological group consisting of baboons, chimps, bonobos, gorills and orangutans (apes) modern humans and early human anscestors

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2
Q

define Hominins

A

subgroup of homonids consisting of modern humans and earlier human anscestors

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3
Q

Define Primates

A

biological group consisting of lemus, baboons, chimps and early human anscestors/ humans that shared characteristics (bipedalism)

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4
Q

What is a phylogentic tree? (vs Cladogram)

A

Branching diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships of biological species
(shows distance compared to cladogram showing shared charecteristics)

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5
Q

Explain humans in the animal Kingdom

A

Kingdom Animalea, Class: Mammalia, order: Primates, Family: homonidea, Genus: homo, Species: Sapiens

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6
Q

8 shared human and ape characteristics

A

Large brain for info storage
Binocular/ stereoscopic vision- view in front of skull
Upright posture- see predators
Diurnal- active during the day
Sexual Dimorphism- difference in appearences of sexes
free rotating shoulder and elbow joint to swivel and lift
lack of tail as not required for balance
opposable thumb- thumb opposite fingers of same hand

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7
Q

What is Bipedalism and 4 advantages?

A

ability to walk on two feet predominantly

ability to have arial vision
free hands for food and tools
display sex organ for mating
energy efficient movement and less sun exposure

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8
Q

Homo sapien skull (9)

A

Large cranium (ore cerebrum for thinking)
no cranial ridge (no muscle attachment required)
less prognatheous jaw
no brow ridge
flat forehead
semi circular palate
small teeth gaps
small canines
forward foraman magnum

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9
Q

African ape skull (9)

A

small cranium (ore cerebrum for thinking)
cranial ridge ( muscle attachment required)
more prognatheous jaw
brow ridge
rectangular palate
large teeth gaps
large canines
backward foraman magnum

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10
Q

Difference in ape and homo sapien foramen magnum?

A

human in a central forward position to allow centre of gravity of skull to balance for bipedalism

ape is central backward to shift balnce forward for qaudrapedalism

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11
Q

Difference in ape and homo sapien Spine curvature?

A

Homo sapien has S shaped spine to shock absorb walking and maintain centre of gravity and balance

ape has C shape to shift balance forward for qaudrapedalism

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12
Q

Difference in ape and homo sapien pelvic girldle?

A

Homo sapian has short and wide pelvic girdle to stack organs vertically to be upright and has femurs in bent for walking and weight balance

ape has long and narrow pelvic gridle for qaudrapedalism

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13
Q

Difference in ape and homo sapien jaws, teeth and palate shape?

A

Homo sapien has a less prognatheous jaw and semi circular palate and small canines as cooking made tearing food redundant

ape has rectangualr palate with more prognatheous jaw for muscle and large canines to tear food

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14
Q

what does fossil evidence show in terms of human evolution?

A

fossil evidence shows the evolutionary process by fossils of different ages to show the gradual change in anatomical differences of organisms.

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15
Q

What does ardi, pithecus, homo, sapien and Austro mean?

A

ardi- ground
pithecus- ground
homo- human
sapien- wise
austro- southern

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16
Q

What is the earliest homonin and what folowed?

A

Ardipithecus
austrolopethicus
homo

17
Q

Ardipithecus stats (height, brain size, foramen magnum, brow ridges, jaws, canines, pelvis existed), where fossil found and by whom?

A

1,2m
300-350m
forward magnum
large brow ridges
very prognatheous jaw
canines smaller than chimps but large
pelvis for bipedalism and tree climbing
5-4 mya
Tim white ethiopia

18
Q

Austrolopathicus (height, brain size, foramen magnum, brow ridges, jaws, canines, pelvis existed) as going from the 3 types?

A

afirenses
130- 150cm
375- 550ml
large brow ridges
very prognatheus jaw
large canines
pelvis for bipedalism and tree climbing

africanus
130cm
420-650ml
present brow ridges
moderately prognatheous jaw
smaller canines
pelvis for bipedalism

sediba130cm
420-650ml
present brow ridges
less prognatheous jaw
smaller canines
pelvis for bipedalism

19
Q

where was A afarensis found and by whom?

A

Lucy- donald johanesen in ethipia

20
Q

where was A africanus found and by whom?

A

Ms Ples- robert broom
taung child (limestone north west) Raymond dart
little foot ron clarke- sterk fontein caves

21
Q

where was A sediba found and by whom?

A

KArabo- lee burger malapa caves

22
Q

homo (height, brain size, foramen magnum, brow ridges, jaws, canines, pelvis existed) as going from the 3 types?

A

Homo Habilis
110-130 cm
650ml
present brow
less prognatheous jaw
small canines
bipdeal pelvis

Homo Eructus
160-180 cm
900-1000ml
slightly present brow ridge
less prognatheous jaw
smaller short canines
bipedal pelvis

Homo Sapiens
1200-1800ml
160-180cm
less prognatheous jaw
smaller short canines
bipedal pelvis

23
Q

where was H habilis found and by whom?

A

leaky family in tanzania

24
Q

where was H erectus found and by whom?

A

indonesia and sa by eugene dubois

25
Q

where was H sapiens found and by whom?

A

earliest by leaky family in ethiopia

26
Q

Two types of genetic evidence and what they show?

A

nuclear dna- show the relation between species by nucleotide sequences shared and prtein formed

mtDNA- show how long species evolved and diverged as markers on mtdna markers change over time (mother genetic dna)

27
Q

How did cultural evidence occur and what are tools and development of tools?

A

as homo genus brain capacity increased, inteligennce increased and they developed ability to adapt to environment with tool making, fire for warmth and art for cohesion

oldowan tools (habilis)- axe (erectus- flakes and shards- blade like- metal and stone (spaiens)

28
Q

Why is cradle of human kind important

A

has an abundance of hominin fossils which provide fossil evidence for evolution and out of africa theory

29
Q

5 fossils found at cradle of human kind?

A

Ms ples- robert broom
little foot- ron clarke
peranthropus (transitional fossil)
Karabo- lee burger(malapa)
early homo erectus

30
Q

describe out of africa hypothesis

A

states that homo sapiens originate from africa and migrated over the world as bipedalism developed (erectus)
theory as only fossils found and more can be discovered

31
Q

Fossil and genetic evidence for out of africa hypothesis?

A

fossils- austrolopithecus and ardipithecus found only in africa and early eructus in africa- later in rest of the world show they migrated with bipedalism and increased inteligence

genetic- mtDNA of maternal genetic show markers as mt dna mutates. shows that earlierst human anscestor originated from africa and all human anscestors descended from her.

Evolution Gr12 (7 decks)

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