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ANTH106 > Human Evolution > Flashcards

Human Evolution Flashcards

1
Q

Who came up with the idea of uniformitarianism? Which essentially states that the past is the key to understanding the present.

a) Charles Darwin
b) Charles Lyell
c) Thomas Robert Malthus
d) Alfred Russell Wallace

A

Charles Lyell

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2
Q

Whose theory was it that stated how limiting factors such as food resources stay constant in nature or grow arithmetically; this theory deals with carrying capacity, and when carrying capacity has been reached, the population will suffer.

a) Charles Darwin
b) Charles Lyell
c) Thomas Robert Malthus
d) Alfred Russell Wallace

A

Thomas Robert Malthus

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3
Q

This person independently developed the theory of Evolution by natural selection.

a) Charles Darwin
b) Charles Lyell
c) Thomas Robert Malthus
d) Alfred Russell Wallace

A

Alfred Russell Wallace

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4
Q

This person went off to study gorillas in Volcanoes National Park in Rwanda from 1967.

a) Jane Goodall
b) Brute Galdikas
c) Dian Fossey
d) Louis Leakey

A

Dian Fossey

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5
Q

This person studies orangutans in Borneo in 1971.

a) Jane Goodall
b) Brute Galdikas
c) Dian Fossey
d) Louis Leakey

A

Brute Galdikas

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6
Q

This person studies chimpanzees in Gombe Tanzania.

a) Jane Goodall
b) Brute Galdikas
c) Dian Fossey
d) Louis Leakey

A

Jane Goodall

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7
Q

These species were known for using sticks to crack a tough layer of soil to excavate the underground storage organs, tubers, roots and builds of plant as a food source.

a) Orangutans
b) Chimpanzees
c) Apes
d) Koalas

A

Chimpanzees

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8
Q

Which of the following is not a characteristic of pongo?

a) semi-solitary existence
b) young are dependent on mother for 8-9 years
c) resident males and females
d) hunt in groups

A

Pongo are semi-solitary species - which means they usually don’t hunt in groups.

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9
Q

These species are socially complex. They observe a strong lifelong bonding- particularly between mother and infant. They are very affectionate and at the same time, aggressive species.

A

Chimpanzees

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10
Q

Which of the following is not a characteristic of chimpanzees?

a) very affectionate and expressive (can communicate with each other using facial expression)
b) female dominated species
c) they hunt in groups
d) strong lifelong bonding

A

Chimpanzees are dominated by males while females migrate between groups. Whereas bonobos are dwarf chimpanzees, where females have the higher status.

So a bonobo derives its status from mum.

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11
Q

These species are less aggressive and sex serves purposes other than reproduction such as appeasement, affection, social status, erotic games, reconciliation, excitement and stress reduction.

A

Bonobos

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12
Q

True or false. Bonobos are able to use tools and communicate with each other using lexicograms and sign language.

A

True

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13
Q

Approximately what time period do the first bipedal hominins emerge?

a) 7-10 mya
b) 9-11 mya
c) 5-10 mya
d) 2-10 mya

A

c) 5-10 mya

This is when Savanna grasslands were becoming more widespread because the earth was going through major cooling/drying phases.

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14
Q

This is known as the oldest ancestor ground ape.

A

Ardipithecus kadabba

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15
Q

Which ape species indicated a diet shift from meat to a predominantly plant based diet? This was formed on the basis of reduction of canines.

a) Sahelanthropus tchadensis
b) Lucy
c) Orrorin tugenensis
d) Ardipithecus kadabba

A

d) Ardipithecus kadabba

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16
Q

This ape species only has cranial material available, including Toumai which means the hope of life.

a) Sahelanthropus tchadensis
b) Lucy
c) Orrorin tugenensis
d) Ardipithecus kadabba

A

a) Sahelanthropus tchadensis

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17
Q

These ape species are known as the Southern Apes

A

Australopithecines

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18
Q

Which of the following are not characteristics of australopithecines?

a) obligate bipedalism
b) low degree of sexual dimorphism
c) prognathism
d) had large premolars/molars

A

b) low degree of bipedalism

Australopithecines had a high degree of sexual dimorphism.

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19
Q

This is known as the most complete hominin skeleton found in Hadar Ethiopia. It also shares a site of the first family with 9 adults and 4 children.

A

Lucy

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20
Q

This is the archaeological site where the first footprints were found. It had remnants of volcanic ash that showed evidence of 3 hominins walking around the area.

Additional question: which hominin species could it possibly be?
a) australopithecines
b) afarensis
c) sapiens
d) kenyanthropus platyops

A

Laetoli, Tanzania

b) afarensis - afarensis was the only hominin in this time period (3.6 mya)

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21
Q

This is known as the world’s oldest child.

a) Selam
b) Dikka
c) Lucy
d) Chadensis

A

a) Selam the Dikka Child (3 yr old girl)

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22
Q

This hypothesis states that big brains consume more calories because brains use a lot more energy.

A

Expensive Tissue Hypothesis

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23
Q

This was the first australopithecine/hominin found west of the Rift Valley.

a) Kenyanthropus platyops
b) Paranthropus aethiopicus
c) Australopithecine bahrelghazali
d) Australopithecine garhi

A

c) A. bahrelghazali

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24
Q

This hominin species is a gracile australopithecine known to have more homo-like body proportions. Also known as the Southern Ape Sunrise.

a) Paranthropus boisei
b) Australopithecine africanus
c) Australopithecine bahrelghazali
d) Australopithecine garhi

A

d) A. garhi

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25
Q

This hominin species is known to be contemporary with the first homo species. It was discovered in Olduvai Gorge and has a great degree of sexual dimorphism.

a) Paranthropus boisei
b) Paranthropus aethiopicus
c) Australopithecine bahrelghazali
d) Australopithecine garhi

A

a) P. boisei

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26
Q

This hominin species is known as the oldest species in Southern Africa and the first australopithecine to be found. It is also known as the Southern Ape from Africa/Taung Child.

a) Paranthropus boisei
b) Australopithecine africanus
c) Australopithecine bahrelghazali
d) Australopithecine garhi

A

b) A. africanus

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27
Q

This hominin species had body proportion similar to a chimpanzee and serves as evidence of facultative bipedalism.

A

Ardi

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28
Q

This hominin species was more derived than any other australopithecines. It showed evidence of a parabolic dental arch and bipedalism.

a) Australopithecine sediba
b) Australopithecine africanus
c) Australopithecine bahrelghazali
d) Australopithecine garhi

A

a) A. sediba

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29
Q

What is the first thing that changes in hominin evolution? Why?

A

Dentition; reveals changes in diet

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30
Q

This hominin species is known as the handy man.

a) Homo habilis
b) Homo rudolfensis
c) Homo ergaster
d) Homo sapien

A

a) H. habilis

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31
Q

Which homo species is H. habilis usually associated with in terms of high degree of sexual dimorphism?

a) Homo habilis
b) Homo rudolfensis
c) Homo ergaster
d) Homo sapien

A

b) H. rudolfensis

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32
Q

This is the most complete (juvenile) skeleton ever found, which is older than 130 kya.

a) Ardi
b) Lucy
c) Turkana Boy
d) Chad

A

c) Turkana Boy

  • Ardi => smallest, chimp-like skeleton ever found
  • Lucy => most complete hominin skeleton
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33
Q

Which hominin species stayed in Africa?

a) Homo habilis
b) Homo rudolfensis
c) Homo ergaster
d) Homo sapien

A

c) H. ergaster

  • H. erectus left Africa.
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34
Q

This states that a species descended from a common ancestor gradually diverge more and more in their morphology as they acquire unique adaptations.

A

Gradualism model of evolution

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35
Q

This states that a new species changes as it buds from parent species then changes little for the rest of its existence.

A

Punctuated equilibrium model of evolution

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36
Q

These constitute the oldest evidence of an essentially modern human-like foot anatomy, found in Northern Kenya. These suggests bipedalism - however, the footprints in Laetoli, Tanzania provide earlier evidence (dating to 3.6 mya) for bipedalism.

A

Ileret footprints.

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37
Q

This is the archaeological site where Sinanthropus pekinensis and at least 40 individuals, including 5 complete braincases were found.

a) Sangiran
b) Zhoukoudian
c) Gongwangling
d) Liang Bua

A

b) Zhokoudian

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38
Q

Which hominin species first used fire?

a) Homo habilis
b) Homo erectus
c) Homo ergaster
d) Homo sapien

A

b) H. erectus

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39
Q

This was the hominin species found in Liang Bua Cave - with approximately 9 individuals including stone tools and extinct fauna.

A

Homo floriensis

40
Q

This was the first hominin species to occupy Europe permanently.

a) Homo erectus
b) Homo floriensis
c) Homo heidelbergensis
d) Homo ergaster

A

c) H. heidelbergensis

41
Q

By what percentage do Neanderthals differ genetically to modern humans?

a) 0.02%
b) 0.15%
c) 0.12%
d) 0.10%

A

c) 0.12%

42
Q

What time period depicts the extinction of Neanderthals from the European mainland?

a) 41-39 kya
b) 39-35 kya
c) 35-31 kya
d) 31-28 kya

A

a) 41-39 kya

43
Q

This is the scientist that sequenced Neanderthal DNA using ancient DNA.

A

Svante Paabo

44
Q

This hypothesis states that Neanderthals interbred with modern humans. This provides evidence of the closeness of Neanderthals with modern humans.

A

Leaky Replacement Hypothesis

45
Q

This hominin species were discovered in a cave in Russia in 2008, dating 50-30 kya.

A

Denisovans

46
Q

Which one of the following is not a characteristic of homo floriensis?

a) long, low braincase
b) lack of chin
c) big brain size
d) flared pelvis

A

c) big brain size

  • Homo floriensis had a much smaller brainsize in comparison to chimpanzees. Remember, homo floriensis was also known as ‘the hobbit’.
47
Q

Which one of the following is not a characteristic of homo heidelbergensis?

a) lack of chin
b) prominent brow ridge
c) shorter than H. ergaster
d) prominent/protruding forehead

A

d) prominent/protruding forehead

  • Homo heidelbergensis had flattened foreheads.
48
Q

Which archaeological site provides the first good evidence for controlled fire by either the Homo erectus or Homo heidelbergensis?

a) Mauer I, Herdelberg, Germany
b) Gesher Beno Ya’aqov, Israel
c) Nihewan Basin, Shangzui
d) Liang Bua, Indonesia

A

b) Gesher Beno Ya’aqov, Israel

49
Q

This model of migration states that homo erectus evolved into the different types of humans we see today. Modern humans evolved from one hominin in Africa and into the different regional versions of it today.

So most of the evolving occurred in Africa and then dispersal of hominin species across Asia and Europe.

A

Multiregional Model

50
Q

This model of migration states that homo erectus went out of Africa and evolved into modern homo sapiens. Modern humans evolved after erectus migrated out of Africa.

This model predicts that earliest fossils of modern humans will only be found in Africa, as well as transitional fossils. It also suggests that modern-day human populations will not necessarily share links with earlier hominin populations.

A

Out of Africa/Replacement Hypothesis

51
Q

This is known as the most complete H. erectus skull found in East Asia. Dated between 1.58 mya-780 kya.

A

Sangiran 17

52
Q

This tool culture is older than the Oldowan tools. It involves pounding against anvils rather than hand held core reduction.

Additional question: which hominin species was it associated with?

A

Lomekwian Tool Culture

It was associated with Kenyanthropus platyops.

53
Q

This tool culture was found in Olduvai Gorge and dates back to around 2.5-1.5 mya. It is made up of simple core and flake technology, and often used as hammer stones and for cutting purposes.

Additional question: which hominin species was it associated with?

A

Oldowan Tool Culture

It was associated with A. garhi and early species of Homo habilis (kind of in between)

54
Q

This tool culture was found in Olorgesailie, Kenya (tools from species who migrated out of Africa) and dates back to around 1.76 mya. It usually includes hand axes which are bifacially carved to produce a symmetrical tool.

Additional questions: which hominin species was it associated with? AND what was the name of the technique used to craft these tools?

A

Acheulean Tool Culture

It was associated with Homo erectus. Levallois Technique was used to craft these tools.

55
Q

This tool culture is associated with prepared core techniques and a more advanced type of technology.

A

Mousterian Tool Culture

56
Q

This is the archaeological site that showed evidence of a flower burial and a burial that indicated a caring for the old culture.

A

Shanidar Cave

57
Q

Which hominin was the first to obtain global distribution? This hominin was also known as the ‘wise man’.

a) Homo habilis
b) Homo erectus
c) Homo ergaster
d) Homo sapien

A

d) Homo sapien

58
Q

The earliest fossils of anatomically modern H. sapiens are found where?

A

Bodo, Ethiopia

59
Q

This states that a small population of modern humans evolved from a woman from Subsaharan Africa.

A

Mitochondrial Eve Hypothesis

60
Q

This states that there was a large range of morphological diversity in early modern humans in Africa. Additionally, homo sapiens had descended from a shifting structured population - a set of interlinked groups, each exhibiting different characteristics of anatomical modernity.

Essentially, that interbreeding produces different populations because hybrid offspring immediately forms new populations.

A

African Multiregionalism

61
Q

This hominin species was found in the Rising Star Cave in South Africa - with more than 1500 remains (making it the richest archaeological site) and at least 15 individuals. They date to around 335-236 kya.

a) Homo neanderthalensis
b) Homo naledi
c) Homo heidelbergensis
d) Homo sapien

A

b) H. naledi

62
Q

Which of the following is not a behaviorally modern characteristic?

a) diverse tools (eg., microlith stone technology)
b) the ability to use water craft
c) language and art
d) Oldowan tool culture

A

d) Oldowan tool culture

63
Q

This is a tool kit blending Mousterian and Aurignacian - which shows interaction between modern humans and Neanderthals. It usually consisted of worked bone, items of personal adornment (ie., jewelry) and new stone tool forms.

A

Chatelperronian

64
Q

This is a method of increased burning which favours certainly adapted plants and promotes grasses over woody plants.

A

Fire-stick farming

65
Q

Which of the following is not a purpose for firestick farming?

a) To reduce hunting yield
b) To promote patch biodiversity and heterogeneity
c) To aid in plant regeneration
d) To aid movement

A

a) To reduce hunting yield

66
Q

This is an archaeological site that shows evidence of early modern human migration to high altitude.

A

Ivane Valley/Neon Basin

67
Q

The Pleistocene Settlement by modern humans in Sahul and Near Oceania took place around what time period?

A

55-55,000 BP

68
Q

Which of the following is not an aspect of Aurignacian material culture?

a) prismatic blade technology
b) perforated batons
c) figurines
d) burins

A

d) Burins

  • burins were used for cutting wood, bone, antler and skin and were part of the Gravettian culture.
69
Q

What time period was the Aurignacian culture set around?

a) 40,000 BP
b) 30,000 BP
c) 20,000 BP
d) 10,000 BP

A

a) 40,000 BP

70
Q

What are the 4 upper Palaeolithic cultures?

A

Aurignacian, Gravettian, Solutrean, Magdalenian

71
Q

This palaeolithic culture involves more regionalisation of culture, semi-sedentism and expanded ritual activity (which includes burial behaviours) and projectile technology.

It was developed in La Gravette, France.

A

Gravettian culture

72
Q

This is a famous archaeological site that shows Gravettian sites and lifeways.

A

Dolni Vestonice

73
Q

Which of the following is not an aspect of Gravettian lifeways?

a) small camps
b) big game, fishing and use of wild plants
c) art
d) semi-sedentism

A

a) small camps

  • Gravettian lifeways included having large hunting camps.
74
Q

What time period is the Solutrean culture situated in?

A

It crosses over Magdalenian - so around about 21,000 - 17,000 years ago.

75
Q

What culture are Venus figurines (which are enigmatic female figurines with exaggerated body proportions) mostly associated with?

A

Gravettian culture

76
Q

Which model of migrating to the Americas focuses on the Pacific coast?

a) Clovis First
b) Solutrean Solution
c) Orthodox Model
d) Coastal Migration/Kelp Highway

A

d) Coastal Migration/Kelp Highway

  • this model explains the location of early sites, but avoids glaciers
  • support from Monte Verde
77
Q

Why is the Clovis First model problematic? What archaeological site provides evidence against it?

A
  • Clovis first talks about how modern humans followed big game all the way to the Americas (to colonise the Americas)
  • However, Monte Verde is an early archaeological site (around 15,000 BP) that shows no signs of clovis technology and use of maritime resources rather than big game.
78
Q

What time period is the Orthodox Model/Clovis First situated in? Why?

a) 12,900-11,000 BP
b) 11,000-10,900 BP
c) 10,900-9000 BP
d) 9000 BP-8900 BP

A

a) 12,900-11,000 BP

  • It had to be situated at this time period because at 10,500 BP Beringia was submerged.
  • Orthodox Model is the migration from Asia via Bering Strait Landbridge
79
Q

This tradition is argued to represent the earliest known phase of North American culture.

a) Gravettian Tradition
b) Clovis Tradition
c) Solutrean Tradition
d) Mousterian Tradition

A

b) Clovis Tradition

  • Composed of clovis points => fluted points
80
Q

This is the site of the oldest human artifacts in the Americas.

a) Monte Verde
b) Paisley Caves
c) Ostiones
d) Argentina

A

a) Monte Verde in Chile

81
Q

This site provides the earliest direct evidence for people in the Americas dating to around 14,300 BP. (older than Clovis First which is around 12,900 BP)

a) Monte Verde
b) Paisley Caves
c) Ostiones
d) Argentina

A

b) Paisley Caves in Oregon

82
Q

What is the main archaeological site that provides evidence for the Magdalenian culture?

a) Paisley Caves, USA
b) Le Gravette, France
c) Mezhirich, Ukraine
d) Dolni Vestonice, Czech Republic

A

c) Mezhirich, Ukraine

83
Q

What time period did bipedal hominins emerge in Africa?

a) 3.4-6 mya
b) 4.4-6 mya
c) 5.4-6 mya
d) 3.4-4 mya

A

b) 4.4-6 mya

84
Q

This is a group consisting of modern humans, extinct human species and all of our immediate ancestors.

A

Hominin

85
Q

What hominin species is Lucy?

A

Australopithecus afarensis

86
Q

Which of the following is not a characteristic of robust australopithecines?

a) Longer snout
b) Sagittal crest present
c) Flatter face and forehead
d) More prominent mandible

A

a) Longer snout

  • Robust australopithecines had shorter snouts
87
Q

Which of the following do robust australopithecines have that gracile australopithecines do not?

a) Snout
b) Saggital crest
c) Mandible
d) Zygomatic arch

A

b) Saggital crest

88
Q

Which australopithecine was the first one to be found?

a) Africanus
b) Anamensis
c) P. boisei
d) Kenyanthropus platyops

A

a) Africanus

89
Q

Which hominin was found in Malapa Cave, South Africa?

a) A. africanus
b) Kenyanthropus platyops
c) A. sediba
d) A. anamensis

A

c) A. sediba

90
Q

C4 foods usually consisted of?

a) wheat, oats and grain
b) chicken
c) fish / maritime resources
d) subtropical grasses/shrubs

A

d) subtropical grasses/shrubs (C3 - which also includes trees and temperate grasses)

  • so hominins at the time - australopithecines were herbivores.
91
Q

What 4 hominins were present at one time in Africa?

A

Habilis, erectus/ergaster, rudolfensis, P. boisei

92
Q

This archaeological site is the key transition site between H. heidelbergensis/H. antecessor and H. neanderthalensis.

a) Gran Dolina
b) Sima del Elefante
c) Sima de los Huesos
d) Atapuerca

A

c) Sima de los Huesos
- this site had at least 28 individuals.

  • Sima del Elefante - where they found 3 human bones including parts of a jaw, with stone flakes and faunal remains.
  • Gran Dolina - had 18 skull fragments and stone artefacts
93
Q

What time period were the Neanderthals around?

a) 41-39kya
b) 150-28kya
c) 50-28kya
d) 150-41kya

A

b) 150-28 kya

  • They went extinct around 41-39 kya
94
Q

This australopithecine is known as the earliest robust - with evidence such as black skull found in Turkana.

a) Kenyanthropus platyops
b) Paranthropus aethiopicus
c) Australopithecine bahrelghazali
d) Australopithecine garhi

A

P. aethiopicus

95
Q

This is one of the richest hominin-bearing deposits globally - with hundreds of specimens.

a) Gran Dolina
b) Sima del Elefante
c) Sima de los Huesos
d) Sterkfontein

A

Sterkfontein

ANTH106 (4 decks)

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