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Human Diseases > Human Diseases study guide 2 for Exam 1 > Flashcards

Human Diseases study guide 2 for Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Disease:

A

the inability of the body to adapt and return to homeostasis; any disturbance of the structure or function of the body

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2
Q

Etiology

A

: the cause, especially the cause of disease

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3
Q

Signs & Symptoms

A

physical findings of disease, subjective manifestations of a disease

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4
Q

Diagnosis

A

the determination of the nature and cause of patient’s illness; clinical history, physical exam, differential diagnosis

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5
Q

Prognosis

A

the probable outcome of a disease or disorder, the outlook for recovery

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6
Q

Pathogenesis

A

manner in which a disease is developed

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7
Q

Patient History & Physical Exam

A

gross examination (naked eye) vs histologic examination (microscope)

  1. Clinical history- history or current illness, medical history, family history, social history, review of symptoms
  2. Physical exam- systemic exam of patient, with emphasis on parts of body affected by illness, abnormalities noted correlated with clinical history
  3. Differential diagnosis- consideration of various diseases or conditions that may explains symptoms and signs, diagnostic possibilities narrowed by selected lab tests, opinion of medical consultant
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8
Q

Vascular

A

disease of blood vessels, arteries and veins

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9
Q

Infectious/inflammatory/communicable

A

caused by organisms like bacteria, fungi, can live in and on our bodies

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10
Q

Neoplastic-

A

abnormal growth, malignant or benign

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11
Q

Degenerative/chronic

A

deteriorates over time, which affects tissues and organs

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12
Q

Idiopathic

A

unknown cause

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13
Q

Congenital

A

present at or before birth

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14
Q

Allergic

A

hypersensitivity of the immune system

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15
Q

Endocrine

A

hormone disorders

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16
Q

General diagnostic test considerations

A
  • Sensitivity: the percentage of patients classified as positive by a test who do have the disease
  • Specificity: the percentage of patients without the disease who are classified as negative by the test
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17
Q
  • Clinical lab
A

biochemical, immunological, and molecular based

o Determines concentration of substances that are frequently altered by disease in blood or urine

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18
Q
  • Image techniques
A

o Xray
 Radiopaque
 Radiolucent

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19
Q

o Computerized tomography CT

A

an xray technique providing detailed cross-sectional images of the body by means of xray tube and detectors connected to a computer

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20
Q

o Magnetic resonance imaging

A

MRI

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21
Q

o Position emission tomography PET

A

the most widely used applications used to study the metabolic activity of the body

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22
Q

o Ultrasound

A

a technique for mapping the reflected echoes produced by high-frequency waves transmitted into the body

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23
Q
  • Cytology and histology
A

o Histologic examination: a biopsy

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24
Q

Innate Immunity

A

quick response to predetermined array of chemical signals

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25
Q

Adaptive Immunity

A

immune response that can change based on intruding molecules

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26
Q

Acute Inflammation

A

earliest phase of inflammatory response, immediately after and lasts 24-48hrs—has both a vascular component and a cellular component

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27
Q
  • Neutrophils
A

(polymorphonuclear neutrophils) most important cells; are actively phagocytic, meaning they engulf injurious agents and attempt to destroy them

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28
Q
  • Vascular phase
A

cardinal signs of inflammation- heat, swelling, redness, and pain at site of injury (due to dilation/expansion of blood vessels and increased vascular permeability

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29
Q

o Warmth and redness

A

dilatation of capillaries and increase blood flow in vessels (hyperemia)

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30
Q

o Swelling

A

leakage (extravasation) of plasma from the dilated and more permeable vessels causes volume of fluid in inflamed tissue to increase

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31
Q

o Tenderness and pain

A

caused by irritation of sensory nerve endings at the site of the inflammatory process, as result of swelling and chemical mediators

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32
Q

Chronic Inflammation

A

as acute winds down this begins; mostly cellular reaction involving macrophage-like cells from blood and tissue that provide chemical mediators of inflammation, clean up debris produced early in acute inflammation, and also begin healing;

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33
Q

Macrophage/Monocytes

A

involved with blood and tissue that produce a variety of chemical mediators of inflammation, clean up the debris produced early in acute inflammation, and also begin the healing process

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34
Q

Lymphocytes

A

cells important in adaptive immunity

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35
Q

Immunologist

A

person who studies the immune response

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36
Q

Chemical Mediators of Inflammation

A

causes the inflammatory response; these are formed and released when damage to tissue is detected by PRR’s

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37
Q
  • Mast Cells
A

important in the very early vascular phase of acute inflammation; specialized connective tissue cell containing granules filled with histamine and other chemical mediators, which initiate the inflammatory process

38
Q

o Histamine:

A

in the cytoplasm and is chemical agents that intensify the inflammatory process, increase vascular permeability

39
Q

 Vasodilator

A

a substance that dilates blood vessels

40
Q
  • Bradykinins
A

a chemical mediator of inflammation derived from components in the blood plasma); help produce vasodilation, help recruit neutrophils to injured sites, and responsible for the pain associated with inflammation

41
Q
  • Bradykinins
A

a chemical mediator of inflammation derived from components in the blood plasma); help produce vasodilation, help recruit neutrophils to injured sites, and responsible for the pain associated with inflammation

42
Q
  • Complement
A

group of proteins interact to produce by-products, some of which act as mediators of inflammation)

43
Q

Extravasation

A

leakage of plasma from dilated vessels

44
Q

Exudate

A

the fluid, leukocytes, and debirs that accumulate as a result of an inflammation

45
Q
  • Serous
A

; fluid rich edudate

46
Q
  • Purulent;
A

neutrophil-rich exudate also called pus

47
Q
  • Fibrinous
A

fibrin-rich exudate

48
Q
  • Hemorrhagic
A

rich in red cells

49
Q

Lysosomal Enzymes

A

when the vacuole of one cell engulfs bacteria outside the cell through phagocytosis, the lysosome breaks down that bacteria or material by discharging its enzymes into the vacuoles

50
Q
  • Infection
A

use to denote an inflammatory process caused by disease producing organisms
- -itis: is appended to tissue or organ to tell of an infection or inflammatory process there

51
Q
  • Cellulitis
A

acute spreading infection at any site; usually of the skin and deeper tissues
- Abscess: used when an infection is associated with breakdown of the tissues and formation of localized mass of pus

52
Q
  • Lymphangitis:
A

infection spreads into lymphatic channels and drain into the site of inflammation

53
Q
  • Lymphadenitis
A

infection in the regional lymph nodes draining the primary site of infection

54
Q
  • Septicemia
A

: overwhelming infection in which pathogenic bacteria gain access to the blood stream

55
Q
  • Septicemia
A

: overwhelming infection in which pathogenic bacteria gain access to the blood stream

56
Q

Adaptive or Acquired Immunity

A

immune response with the ability to respond to almost any foreign molecule

57
Q
  • Humoral immunity
A

associated with formation of antibodies produced by plasma, major defense against bacteria and bacterial toxin threats

58
Q
  • Cell-Mediated Immunity
A

associated with population of sensitized lymphocytes. Defense against viruses, fungi, parasites and some bacteria, also the way the body rejects transplant organs and eliminates abnormal cells

59
Q

Immune Memory & Plasma Cells

A
  • Plasma cells: produce antibodies, antigen processed by B lymphocytes and presented to responding T cells stimulates B lymphocytes to mature into plasma cells and make antibodies
60
Q
  • Primary response
A

initial response to foreign substance

61
Q
  • Secondary response
A

rapid response, part of immune memory

62
Q
  • Functional lymphocytes
A

respond to foreign substance

63
Q
  • T lymphocytes
A

associated with cell-mediated immunity

64
Q
  • B Lymphocytes
A

differentiates into plasma cells and is associated with humoral immunity

65
Q

o Antigens

A

foreign substance, that can bind to an antibody

66
Q

o Antibodies

A

immunoglobulin molecule that can recognize a foreign substance

67
Q

Hypersensitivity

A

state of abnormal reactivity to a foreign material, excessive immunity

68
Q

Immunoglobulins

A

the class of proteins that includes antibodies

69
Q

Interferon

A

a broad spectrum antiviral agent manufactured by various cells in the body

70
Q

The Role of Complement

A
  • Path of humoral immunity
  • Alternative pathway
  • Lectin pathway
  • Attack complex: destroy target micro-organism or abnormal cells by punching holes in its cell membrane
  • Immune complexes: consist of antibody bound to its cognate antigen
71
Q

Immunodeficiency

A

p 133

72
Q

Auto-Immune

A

Organ specific vs Non-Organ Specific

73
Q

Allergy:

A

p. 128

74
Q

Asthma

A

p 129

75
Q

Anaphylaxis

A

130

76
Q

Failure of Tolerance

A

pg 135

77
Q

Failure of Tolerance

A

pg 135

78
Q

Bacteria

A

Gram Stain Reaction- staining process used to identify bacteria

  1. First characterized based on shape
  2. Gram staining is an identification technique using two different dyes
    a. Purple dye first (hematoxylin)
    b. Then iodine solution
    c. Then decolorized with alcohol or solvent
    d. Then stained with red dye (eosin)
  3. Bacteria that resist decolorization and retain the purple stain are called gram positive, those that have been decolorized and accept the red counterstain are gram negative
79
Q
  1. Staphylococci pg182
A

normal inhabitants of the skin and nasal cavity, generally not pathogenic but may be virulent (highly infective)

80
Q
  1. Streptococci
A

183-186

81
Q
  1. Pneumococci pg186
A

grow in pairs and short chains and have certain characteristics that set them apart from streptococci

82
Q

Gram-Negative Cocci pg187

A

are nonpathogenic members

83
Q

Gram-Negative Bacteria pg188

A

haemophilus, francisella, brucella, and legionella

84
Q

Spiral Organisms

A

cause wide variety of illnesses, best known member is treponema pallidum which causes syphilis, communicable disease

85
Q

Antibiotic Sensitivity Tests & Adverse Effects of Antibiotics pg192-193

A

tests measure, under standardized conditions, the ability of the antibiotic to inhibit the growth of the organism isolated from the patient; toxicity, hypersensitivity, alteration of normal bacterial flora, development of resistant strain of bacteria

86
Q

Viruses pg195

A

smallest infectious agents

87
Q
  • Structures
A

nucleic acid either DNA or RNA with an outer envelope made of lipoprotein, smaller than cells, cannot be seen under light microscope

88
Q
  • Capsid
A

protective protein membrane surrounding genetic material

89
Q

Bodily Defenses Against Viral Infections pg200

A
  • Production of interferon (antiviral agent)
  • Activating humoral immunity (associated with formation of antibodies produced by plasma cells)
  • Activating cell-mediated defense mechanisms (defense against foreign antigens provided by a population of T lymphocytes that can attach and destroy the foreign antigens)
90
Q

Fungi pg201

A

plant like organisms without chlorophyll and are subdivided into two large groups- yeasts and molds

91
Q

Superficial Fungal Infections pg202-

A

normal ones on skin are caused by dermatophytes

Human Diseases (2 decks)

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