Human Diseases study guide 2 for Exam 1 Flashcards
Disease:
the inability of the body to adapt and return to homeostasis; any disturbance of the structure or function of the body
Etiology
: the cause, especially the cause of disease
Signs & Symptoms
physical findings of disease, subjective manifestations of a disease
Diagnosis
the determination of the nature and cause of patient’s illness; clinical history, physical exam, differential diagnosis
Prognosis
the probable outcome of a disease or disorder, the outlook for recovery
Pathogenesis
manner in which a disease is developed
Patient History & Physical Exam
gross examination (naked eye) vs histologic examination (microscope)
- Clinical history- history or current illness, medical history, family history, social history, review of symptoms
- Physical exam- systemic exam of patient, with emphasis on parts of body affected by illness, abnormalities noted correlated with clinical history
- Differential diagnosis- consideration of various diseases or conditions that may explains symptoms and signs, diagnostic possibilities narrowed by selected lab tests, opinion of medical consultant
Vascular
disease of blood vessels, arteries and veins
Infectious/inflammatory/communicable
caused by organisms like bacteria, fungi, can live in and on our bodies
Neoplastic-
abnormal growth, malignant or benign
Degenerative/chronic
deteriorates over time, which affects tissues and organs
Idiopathic
unknown cause
Congenital
present at or before birth
Allergic
hypersensitivity of the immune system
Endocrine
hormone disorders
General diagnostic test considerations
- Sensitivity: the percentage of patients classified as positive by a test who do have the disease
- Specificity: the percentage of patients without the disease who are classified as negative by the test
- Clinical lab
biochemical, immunological, and molecular based
o Determines concentration of substances that are frequently altered by disease in blood or urine
- Image techniques
o Xray
Radiopaque
Radiolucent
o Computerized tomography CT
an xray technique providing detailed cross-sectional images of the body by means of xray tube and detectors connected to a computer
o Magnetic resonance imaging
MRI
o Position emission tomography PET
the most widely used applications used to study the metabolic activity of the body
o Ultrasound
a technique for mapping the reflected echoes produced by high-frequency waves transmitted into the body
- Cytology and histology
o Histologic examination: a biopsy
Innate Immunity
quick response to predetermined array of chemical signals
Adaptive Immunity
immune response that can change based on intruding molecules
Acute Inflammation
earliest phase of inflammatory response, immediately after and lasts 24-48hrs—has both a vascular component and a cellular component
- Neutrophils
(polymorphonuclear neutrophils) most important cells; are actively phagocytic, meaning they engulf injurious agents and attempt to destroy them
- Vascular phase
cardinal signs of inflammation- heat, swelling, redness, and pain at site of injury (due to dilation/expansion of blood vessels and increased vascular permeability
o Warmth and redness
dilatation of capillaries and increase blood flow in vessels (hyperemia)
o Swelling
leakage (extravasation) of plasma from the dilated and more permeable vessels causes volume of fluid in inflamed tissue to increase
o Tenderness and pain
caused by irritation of sensory nerve endings at the site of the inflammatory process, as result of swelling and chemical mediators
Chronic Inflammation
as acute winds down this begins; mostly cellular reaction involving macrophage-like cells from blood and tissue that provide chemical mediators of inflammation, clean up debris produced early in acute inflammation, and also begin healing;
Macrophage/Monocytes
involved with blood and tissue that produce a variety of chemical mediators of inflammation, clean up the debris produced early in acute inflammation, and also begin the healing process
Lymphocytes
cells important in adaptive immunity
Immunologist
person who studies the immune response
Chemical Mediators of Inflammation
causes the inflammatory response; these are formed and released when damage to tissue is detected by PRR’s
- Mast Cells
important in the very early vascular phase of acute inflammation; specialized connective tissue cell containing granules filled with histamine and other chemical mediators, which initiate the inflammatory process
o Histamine:
in the cytoplasm and is chemical agents that intensify the inflammatory process, increase vascular permeability
Vasodilator
a substance that dilates blood vessels
- Bradykinins
a chemical mediator of inflammation derived from components in the blood plasma); help produce vasodilation, help recruit neutrophils to injured sites, and responsible for the pain associated with inflammation
- Bradykinins
a chemical mediator of inflammation derived from components in the blood plasma); help produce vasodilation, help recruit neutrophils to injured sites, and responsible for the pain associated with inflammation
- Complement
group of proteins interact to produce by-products, some of which act as mediators of inflammation)
Extravasation
leakage of plasma from dilated vessels
Exudate
the fluid, leukocytes, and debirs that accumulate as a result of an inflammation
- Serous
; fluid rich edudate
- Purulent;
neutrophil-rich exudate also called pus
- Fibrinous
fibrin-rich exudate
- Hemorrhagic
rich in red cells
Lysosomal Enzymes
when the vacuole of one cell engulfs bacteria outside the cell through phagocytosis, the lysosome breaks down that bacteria or material by discharging its enzymes into the vacuoles
- Infection
use to denote an inflammatory process caused by disease producing organisms
- -itis: is appended to tissue or organ to tell of an infection or inflammatory process there
- Cellulitis
acute spreading infection at any site; usually of the skin and deeper tissues
- Abscess: used when an infection is associated with breakdown of the tissues and formation of localized mass of pus
- Lymphangitis:
infection spreads into lymphatic channels and drain into the site of inflammation
- Lymphadenitis
infection in the regional lymph nodes draining the primary site of infection
- Septicemia
: overwhelming infection in which pathogenic bacteria gain access to the blood stream
- Septicemia
: overwhelming infection in which pathogenic bacteria gain access to the blood stream
Adaptive or Acquired Immunity
immune response with the ability to respond to almost any foreign molecule
- Humoral immunity
associated with formation of antibodies produced by plasma, major defense against bacteria and bacterial toxin threats
- Cell-Mediated Immunity
associated with population of sensitized lymphocytes. Defense against viruses, fungi, parasites and some bacteria, also the way the body rejects transplant organs and eliminates abnormal cells
Immune Memory & Plasma Cells
- Plasma cells: produce antibodies, antigen processed by B lymphocytes and presented to responding T cells stimulates B lymphocytes to mature into plasma cells and make antibodies
- Primary response
initial response to foreign substance
- Secondary response
rapid response, part of immune memory
- Functional lymphocytes
respond to foreign substance
- T lymphocytes
associated with cell-mediated immunity
- B Lymphocytes
differentiates into plasma cells and is associated with humoral immunity
o Antigens
foreign substance, that can bind to an antibody
o Antibodies
immunoglobulin molecule that can recognize a foreign substance
Hypersensitivity
state of abnormal reactivity to a foreign material, excessive immunity
Immunoglobulins
the class of proteins that includes antibodies
Interferon
a broad spectrum antiviral agent manufactured by various cells in the body
The Role of Complement
- Path of humoral immunity
- Alternative pathway
- Lectin pathway
- Attack complex: destroy target micro-organism or abnormal cells by punching holes in its cell membrane
- Immune complexes: consist of antibody bound to its cognate antigen
Immunodeficiency
p 133
Auto-Immune
Organ specific vs Non-Organ Specific
Allergy:
p. 128
Asthma
p 129
Anaphylaxis
130
Failure of Tolerance
pg 135
Failure of Tolerance
pg 135
Bacteria
Gram Stain Reaction- staining process used to identify bacteria
- First characterized based on shape
- Gram staining is an identification technique using two different dyes
a. Purple dye first (hematoxylin)
b. Then iodine solution
c. Then decolorized with alcohol or solvent
d. Then stained with red dye (eosin) - Bacteria that resist decolorization and retain the purple stain are called gram positive, those that have been decolorized and accept the red counterstain are gram negative
- Staphylococci pg182
normal inhabitants of the skin and nasal cavity, generally not pathogenic but may be virulent (highly infective)
- Streptococci
183-186
- Pneumococci pg186
grow in pairs and short chains and have certain characteristics that set them apart from streptococci
Gram-Negative Cocci pg187
are nonpathogenic members
Gram-Negative Bacteria pg188
haemophilus, francisella, brucella, and legionella
Spiral Organisms
cause wide variety of illnesses, best known member is treponema pallidum which causes syphilis, communicable disease
Antibiotic Sensitivity Tests & Adverse Effects of Antibiotics pg192-193
tests measure, under standardized conditions, the ability of the antibiotic to inhibit the growth of the organism isolated from the patient; toxicity, hypersensitivity, alteration of normal bacterial flora, development of resistant strain of bacteria
Viruses pg195
smallest infectious agents
- Structures
nucleic acid either DNA or RNA with an outer envelope made of lipoprotein, smaller than cells, cannot be seen under light microscope
- Capsid
protective protein membrane surrounding genetic material
Bodily Defenses Against Viral Infections pg200
- Production of interferon (antiviral agent)
- Activating humoral immunity (associated with formation of antibodies produced by plasma cells)
- Activating cell-mediated defense mechanisms (defense against foreign antigens provided by a population of T lymphocytes that can attach and destroy the foreign antigens)
Fungi pg201
plant like organisms without chlorophyll and are subdivided into two large groups- yeasts and molds
Superficial Fungal Infections pg202-
normal ones on skin are caused by dermatophytes
